can cats recover from mercury poisoning

The dangers are especially notable in young children who are still developing. Strong acids and alkalis are found in household rust removers, glass etching fluids, and cleaning products such as bleach. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Basically, Horses, Not Zebras says that if you hear hoofbeats outside your window (and you dont live on the African savanna), its much more likely to be a herd of horses than a herd of zebras. But Pickering and George plan to move beyond a single cat sample to bolster their controversial claim. pls let me know if this is a possibility. by The Paws and Effect Gang | Feb 6, 2011 | Cat Health | 8 comments. Double vision or blurry vision; blindness. i will be contacting their vet in the morning and also calling out the city for illegal dumping. Avoid fish (containing mercury) if youre pregnant or breastfeeding (chestfeeding). Adults with advanced mercury poisoning might experience: Mercury poisoning can also disrupt fetal and early childhood development. Thanks in advance! You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. WebFrom dangerous plants to household cleaners, many everyday items can lead to poisoning. Avoid areas in your environment where mercury is present. If your cat has gradually developed mercury poisoning but not to the extent that their brain or kidneys were severely damaged, some supportive therapy might be helpful. Dahlia: Good luck, Jane. However, with mercury levels being fairly high in some commercially sold fish, it is possible for a cat to suffer from mercury toxicity after ingestion of these fish. Mercury poisoning is an emergency If you suspect you or someone else has sudden mercury poisoning, call the Poison Control Center at 800-222-1222 or your local emergency services. What are the symptoms of antifreeze poisoning in cats? The Chisso cats were lost until 2001, when Komyo Eto, a pathologist at the National Institute for Minamata Disease, studied samples of the cats and the wastewater that had been found in storage at nearby Kumamoto Universityalong with lab notebooks lent by the factory doctor's wife. Learn the causes, treatments, and tips for prevention. Signs of toxicity in cats have been reported with an ingestion of Larger types of fish can have higher amounts of mercury because they prey on other fish that contain mercury too. Copyright 2019 JaneA Kelley/Paws and Effect; all rights reserved. Last Updated: February 22, 2023 If toxicity is linked to your environment or workplace, you might need to take steps to remove yourself from the area to prevent further effects of poisoning. Lead poisoning is serious and sometimes fatal. Sometimes symptoms will be mild and other times, they could be life-threatening. The best way to prevent dietary mercury poisoning is to take care with the amount and types of seafood that you eat. WebCan Cats Recover From Poisoning Cats immunity is very high in comparison to other animals, and thus if diagnoses are made in the earlier stage, then they can indeed recover from poisonous substances. 5 Symptoms of Nasal Polyps in Cats You Should Know About Cats are very sensitive to the effects of methylmercury in particular. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Siouxsie: If a diagnostic test indicates that your cat has mercury poisoning, a therapy called chelation can be done to eliminate the mercury from his body. Due to a cats curious nature and obsession with cleaning, cats can sometimes land themselves into serious situations. Urine color changes. Sinad had to take it a few times for UTIs, and she never had any neurological problems as a result. A 2020 study found that, for study participants, eating fish less than one time a week had little effect. To dose the cat, hold her securely and gently insert the syringe into the cats mouth, behind the upper fangs. This may include consuming certain types of seafood and wearing certain types of jewelry. According to the FDA, if youre pregnant or breastfeeding, you should restrict your consumption to 2 to 3 servings of 4 ounces of fish and seafood with the lowest mercury levels per week, or one 4-ounce serving of fish and seafood with moderate mercury levels per week. Early symptoms are nausea/vomiting, stumbling and head tremors and increase urination and drinking (among other signs) later symptoms include: seizures, vomiting, producing little urine and painful kidneys. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. These can include: Mercury poisoning is diagnosed with a physical exam and other tests. By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. Toxicity from fish has two causes: Fish get mercury from the water they live in. To help prevent ingesting toxic amounts of mercury, follow the FDA guidelines for seafood consumption. The poison was eaten within the past two hours. Mercury is a compound found in rocks in the Earths crust. In food-producing animals, considerable mercury accumulation in tissues intended as food and profound effects on reproduction limit treatment options. A human would get some sort of signal that she was getting ill from exposure to this heavy metal but a cat wouldnt exhibit any signs of sickness unless the exposure was much, much higher. Diarrhea. Ive called poison control ive called animal poison control ive tried angel memorial. Are there diagnostics and treatment for that? Even after immediate treatment to remove mercury from your body, damage from the compound could create long-term symptoms that need ongoing treatment. Should You Avoid Fish Because of Mercury? In most cases, cats can recover without incident from poisoning and go on to live long, normal, healthy lives. An average cat weighs around 10 lb, so you will need about 10 ml (two teaspoons worth.) Mercury exposure can lead to developmental problems in the brain, which can also affect physical functions such as motor skills. A human would get some sort of signal that she was getting ill from exposure to this heavy metal but a cat wouldnt exhibit any signs of sickness unless the exposure was much, much higher. Some of the most common poisons cats usually encounter are insecticides, human medicines, poisonous plants, and human food that contain chemicals that cats cannot metabolize. I had been feeding them canned tuna (always mixed with canned chicken, canned cat food and pureed baby food vegetables (green beans, pumpkin or squash) for about two years. If youve been exposed to mercury, contact the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 and visit the emergency room immediately. (2020). They never showed signs of pain. Antioxidants, such as vitamin E and selenium, may also be used to limit cellular damage caused by mercury. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. In one study of 20 cats poisoned by permethrin, a chemical widely used in flea control products for dogs, only one died and this was because he wasnt taken to a vet for 24 hours. The rest was inorganic mercury. When poisoning is suspected and your cat is lying down, unconscious or weak, immediately remove your cat from the area, and transfer it to a well-ventilated and well-lit place. Many popular sushi rolls are made with mercury-containing fish. Impact of dietary mercury intake during pregnancy on the health of neonates and children: a systematic review. Nausea or vomiting. "Thank you all for creating these pages. But now were going to tell you about one of our favorite axioms, the Horses, Not Zebras Theory. All rights reserved. This is best addressed way before the removal of the fillings. Fish and seafood with the lowest mercury levels can include: Fish and seafood with moderate levels of mercury can include: Though these options contain less mercury, youll want to take care in how much you eat. Even if we were licensed vets, wed never make a diagnosis without seeing your cat and performing diagnostic tests! The veterinarian might also prescribe vitamins such as vitamin E and selenium. Mercury 1 is a naturally occurring element that does not WebCan cats recover from mercury poisoning? Mercury 1 is a naturally occurring element that does not Certain types of severe cases of mercury poisoning may require chelation therapy. Mercury is most notable for its neurological effects. I love the article a lot. Chelation therapy (removing metals from your body) via fluid through an IV. 5 Symptoms of Nasal Polyps in Cats You Should Know About The best treatment is by preventing mercury poisoning in the first place, so be sure to keep dangerous products locked away out of your cat's reach and limit the amount of fish they consume. Do you have any other ideas of what may be going on with him? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. All types of fish contain some amount of mercury. "We have not been able to confirm any adverse effects of methylmercury from fish," said Gary Myers, a University of Rochester neurologist who also participated in the study on cat 717. I have noticed that he sometimes prefers to climb the chair arm rather than jump these days and has also objected to being touched on his back legs at times. Learn more about how to keep your cat safe from toxic substances. Elemental mercury is extremely dangerous if you breathe it in and it gets into your lungs. Many studies supported that conclusion, finding methylmercury spikes in shellfish, bay sludge, and even hundreds of umbilical cords from babies delivered during the time. As previously mentioned you should not make the cat vomit, instead encourage her to drink full-fat milk or eat a raw egg. The metal is toxic on its own, but it becomes far more dangerous when bacteria in natural environments convert it into methylmercury, an organic compound, readily absorbed by living tissues, that can be concentrated and passed up food chains. If the poisoning is by contact with the skin, wear protective gloves and remove the substance manually from the skin. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. ", http://www.cat-world.com.au/poisoning-in-cats.html, http://www.petmd.com/cat/emergency/poisoning-toxicity/e_ct_poisoning_overview, http://www.knowyourcat.info/health/firstaidpoisons.htm, http://cattime.com/cat-facts/lifestyle/9662-how-to-induce-vomiting-in-cats, Seizures, tremors or involuntary muscle twitching. What Causes Mercury Poisoning in Cats? Mercury poisoning occurs when your body is exposed to too much mercury. Symptoms of mercury poisoning are different for each type of mercury and range in severity from person to person. My Recovery from Mercury Poisoning. Exposure to mercury causes mercury poisoning. As a last resort, you may wish to cut off the worst affected hair with scissors or clippers. If it wont drink on its own, syringe water into its mouth. You're 100% certain you know the poison was ingested. Cats show no such signs, but that doesnt mean theyre immune to the toxic effects of mercury. Wash your hands right away if you think youve been exposed to other forms of mercury. Long-term organic mercury exposure is deadly. Every can I ate, I shared with my cat. Your body knows that mercury is not supposed to be there, so youll experience symptoms, caused by your immune system trying to get the compound out in the same way it would attack bacteria or germs. Poisoning occurs when pet owners apply dog products directly to cats or cats lick these medications off dogs. If you believe your cat has ingested mercury, contact your vet and call the Pet Poison Control Hotline at (855) 764-7661. Learn more about how to keep your cat safe from toxic substances. Inhaling mercury vapor (small droplets of mercury that become airborne and enter your lungs). Learn how ricin poisoning occurs, the signs and symptoms of poisoning, and what to do if you're exposed. are highly toxic to cats. Wear long sleeves and/or gloves to protect yourself from the poison. DonateSponsor Adopt a cat Find a cat Choosing a cat Preparing for a cat Buying a kitten Adopt a cat FAQs What is our adoption fee? Elemental mercury, if inhaled, can cause permanent lung damage and potential brain damage. If your cat is indeed suffering from mercury poisoning, your vet will prescribe charcoal tablets and other medications that will help limit the absorption of mercury. Everything You Need to Know About Arsenic Poisoning, Mercury Detox: Separating Fact from Fiction, What You Need to Know About Ricin Poisoning, What You Need to Know About the Effects of Angels Trumpet Poisoning, White Mulberry Leaf Extract Linked to Woman's Death: What to Know, eating certain types of mercury-containing fish, mining for gold and household gold extraction, exposure to toxic air in industrialized communities, blood tests, such as serum mercury levels, a. Thomas: However, we hope weve helped you to know what questions to ask your vet when you take your cat back to the clinic. Mercury poisoning is rare in the United States but can be more common in other countries, especially among mining communities or near seaside towns where food could become contaminated with mercury. His measurements showed that less than half of the mercury in the cats' brain samples occurred as methylmercury; the rest was inorganic. Cats are very sensitive to the effects of methylmercury in particular. Be choosy with your sushi choices. Mercury poisoning linked to skin products. You may be placed on an IV or given oxygen. If it was eaten more than two hours ago, it has already been absorbed, so vomiting is useless. Now, Pickering and her colleagues have reanalyzed samples of cat 717's cerebellum at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, blasting them with x-rays and analyzing the resulting spectrum for the fingerprints of specific molecules. Based on data from the Pet Poison Helpline, nearly 10% of their calls from pet owners were for possible cat poisonings. WebVitamin D3 poisoning can cause nausea, diarrhea, and an unhealthy elevation of calcium. Lead is a toxic metal and a very strong poison. Get your cat to a well-ventilated area. Replacing old amalgam fillings in your teeth with a safer alternative. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. If the poisoning is primarily from noxious fumes or a gas, get your cat to fresh air, but dont put yourself at risk for poisoning. getting him through it. Creative commons photos used in posts must be shared with original artist credits intact. Some types of seafood are higher in mercury than others. Well go over the toxicity of mercury and who benefits most from doing a mercury detox. WebCan Cats Recover From Poisoning Cats immunity is very high in comparison to other animals, and thus if diagnoses are made in the earlier stage, then they can indeed recover from poisonous substances. Minamata has long been a vivid case study of mercury's dangers. If you suspect you or someone else has sudden mercury poisoning, call the Poison Control Center at 800-222-1222 or your local emergency services. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Signs of toxicity in cats have been reported with an ingestion of Some children who are exposed to mercury at a young age may develop learning disabilities, according to the Environmental Defense Fund. In any case, seeking medical help from a veterinarian or a pet poisoning hotline will be the best thing to do. Although thoroughly researched, articles are not written or edited by a veterinarian. What Causes Mercury Poisoning in Cats? Blood in vomit or stool. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. When poisoning is suspected and your cat is lying down, unconscious or weak, immediately remove your cat from the area, and transfer it to a well-ventilated and well-lit place. My own severe symptoms included seizures, heart arrhythmia, severe fatigure, fainting, irritability, hand tremors, burning red hands and feet, pain in my lower jaw and teeth, and peeling skin on my hands and finger tips. If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with mercury poisoning and treatment is advised, options may include medications used to bind mercury in the gastrointestinal tract and limit its absorption, such as activated charcoal. Elemental mercury is usually harmless if you touch or swallow it because its slippery texture wont absorb into your skin or intestines. Too much calcium can damage sensitive organs including the kidneys, heart, and lungs. Subscribe to News from Science for full access to breaking news and analysis on research and science policy. This article was co-authored by Melissa Nelson, DVM, PhD. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. The recovery depends upon the amount of toxic that has got inside the body and the time spent till diagnosis. However, with mercury levels being fairly high in some commercially sold fish, it is possible for a cat to suffer from mercury toxicity after ingestion of these fish. If you were exposed to mercury, contact poison control at 1-800-222-1222. Cats have been reported to shows signs of toxicity not only with fresh, raw produce but also foods containing dehydrated flakes, powders, and dry onion soup mixes. Im upset that I never was warned about feeding them canned tuna after routinely reporting what I was feeding them. The cat is conscious and able to swallow. Mercury poisoning refers to toxicity from mercury consumption. The work doesn't do anything more than identify an unusual chemical in one preserved cat brain, he says. To confirm the diagnosis, your provider will offer several tests to monitor mercury levels in your body including: In the emergency room, your provider will immediately decontaminate (remove the dangerous substance) from your skin and/or clothing to avoid further exposure. Because mercury toxicity is not common in cats, it may not be the first thing a veterinarian suspects. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. (2020). "It's great, I had no idea about these symptoms. Consequently, the prognosis for a complete recovery is very poor. Eating fish or seafood that naturally contains large amounts of organic mercury. Health effects of exposures to mercury. If mercury poisoning is suspected, doctors may request additional blood and urine tests to measure the mercury levels in your body. WebCan cats recover from mercury poisoning? Siouxsie: If a diagnostic test indicates that your cat has mercury poisoning, a therapy called chelation can be done to eliminate the mercury from his body. It is helpful to phrase the search like this: Is [name of product] toxic to cats? Its going to be hard to get him off the tuna habit as he is very vocal but I think I need to cut down to maybe one day a week treat and see if he becomes more agile. What are the signs of a cat being poisoned? However, participants who ate fish two or more times a week had dangerously high levels of fetal mercury exposure. Diarrhea. To treat a poisoned cat, start with Step 1 below. Symptoms of mercury exposure from amalgam fillings are the same as symptoms of elemental mercury poisoning, with a metallic taste in your mouth being the primary symptom. Use paper towels or clean rags to remove liquids. This site collects information via the use of cookies and through our email subscription form. Joshua Sokol, a journalist in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a Contributing Correspondent for Science. Some products may be safe when ingested and if you find that out, you need go no further. Cats can and do survive being poisoned if theyre treated early and appropriately. Take a blood or urine mercury test before trying to conceive. "Quite a few things in [the study] give me pause," he says. Symptoms of organic mercury poisoning from long-term exposure include: People who are pregnant and exposed to large amounts of methylmercury (a type of organic mercury) can cause brain damage to developing fetuses. Other attempts to reduce the amount of mercury in your body and gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be performed. Last year, Grandjean, Driscoll, and other mercury researchers submitted a comment to EPA as part of the agency's reassessment. Pet poison hotlines are not funded by the government like human poison hotlines are, so they usually charge a fee to help pay for the service. Signs of mercury poisoning in catsloss of coordination and balance, difficulty walkingcan mimic other illnesses, including thiamine (a B vitamin) deficiency. My cat demands tuna and has been eating it every day for some time in addition to James Wellbeloved dry food. My practitioner put me on optimal vitamins and retested periodically so that I would know which vitamins were needed. Dahlia: Mercury poisoning is pretty rare in cats, and in people. Only a minuscule fraction of the wastewater's mercury was methylmercury, but Eto thought that was probably because the compound had broken down over the 4 decades since the samples were taken. Large amounts of mercury or long-term exposure can lead to death if not treated. And even if it did spew directly from the factory, the residents of Minamata were exposed to mercury from seafood they ate, not from factory wastewater, he says. I had testing done through Metametrix Labs along with some blood testing. I started giving my cat tuna can tuna for about three months every day all day and I noticed he start getting scabs around his neck really bad do you think he has mercury poisoning. Get your cat to a well-ventilated area. Dahlia: Mama says Thomas had to take Baytril before, when he was a wee, sick shelter kitty, and hes just fine! Often, elemental mercury becomes airborne if someone is trying to clean up a mercury spill with a vacuum. It is usually diagnosed by a blood test or a test of the hair/fur. My symptoms were quite severe. are highly toxic to cats. What Causes Mercury Poisoning in Cats? If you frequently come into contact with organic mercury, wear proper personal protective equipment, like a mask and gloves, to reduce your risk of health problems associated with the compound. In food-producing animals, considerable mercury accumulation in tissues intended as food and profound effects on reproduction limit treatment options. The Chisso cats were lost until 2001, when Komyo Eto, a pathologist at the National Institute for Minamata Disease, studied samples of the cats and the wastewater that had been found in storage at nearby Kumamoto Universityalong with lab notebooks lent by the factory doctor's wife. For more information about our privacy practices please go here. Siouxsie: For more information about fluoroquinolone antibiotics and side effects, check out this page on noted veterinarian Dr. Eric Barchass website. The Chisso cats were lost until 2001, when Komyo Eto, a pathologist at the National Institute for Minamata Disease, studied samples of the cats and the wastewater that had been found in storage at nearby Kumamoto Universityalong with lab notebooks lent by the factory doctor's wife. Learn more about Mailchimp's privacy practices here. Can cats recover from poisoning? The vet or the helpline will have more knowledge and skill in determining what to do or what to give your poisoned cat. Petroleum products include lighter fluid, gasoline, and kerosene. Dahlia: In short, the cause of your cats symptoms is likely to be something much more common (horses) than mercury poisoning (zebras). The dose of 3% hydrogen peroxide is 5 ml (one teaspoon) per 5 lb body weight, by mouth. Please let us know how things turn out. Contact your local or state health department or environmental protection agency to properly clean up any spilled mercury to prevent poisoning. In short: Don't take our word as gospel. You can also: Mercury poisoning can occur if too much mercury enters the body. I had a mercury blood level drawn from the younger cat but the sample was drawn two weeks after stopping the feeding of canned tuna, results were inconclusive. What should I do if the kitten eats cat litter? Kaoling/pectin: 1 to 2 grams/kg bodyweight every 6 hours for 5 to 7 days. Since exposure to elemental and inorganic mercury is not very common in cats, this article will focus on mercury poisoning caused by chronic exposure to methylmercury. Fish and shellfish advisories and safe eating guidelines. I had testing done through Metametrix Labs along with some blood testing. Yes, certain types of fish contain methylmercury, which is present in the water where fish live. A stingray sting can be quite painful and, According to recent news reports, the wife of a California congressman died late last year from side effects related to the herbal supplement white, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Use paper towels or clean rags to remove liquids. (2022). Methylmercury played no significant role in the poisoning, says Graham George, Pickering's husband and co-leader of the experiment, who is also at the University of Saskatchewan. ", Charles Driscoll, an environmental scientist at Syracuse University, says the new mercury compound might be a product of the cat's metabolism or an artifact of the sample's long preservation. fda.gov/food/consumers/advice-about-eating-fish, health.ny.gov/environmental/chemicals/mercury/docs/cleaning_up_a_small_mercury_spill.htm, epa.gov/choose-fish-and-shellfish-wisely/fish-and-shellfish-advisories-and-safe-eating-guidelines, sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653519322532, epa.gov/mercury/health-effects-exposures-mercury, fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm294849.htm, fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/metals/ucm534873.htm, academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article-abstract/80/2/317/6268994, jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762789. An average cat requires 250 ml of water a day, so dont be afraid to refill that dosing syringe lots of times. Cleveland Clinic Community Care puts patients first by offering comprehensive, coordinated, personalized healthcare. These may involve: Long term, you may need continuing treatment to manage the effects of mercury poisoning, such as neurological effects. Other causes of mercury poisoning can be environmental or from exposure to other forms of this metal. Dissolve the powder in the smallest volume of water possible, to form a thick slurry, and syringe it into the cats mouth. (n.d.). The dose for activated charcoal in acute poisoning is 2 to 8 grams/kg of body weight once every 6 to 8 hours for 3 to 5 days. The finding suggests the Minamata disasterand methylmercury poisoning more generallyis due for a rethink, the researchers argue in their study, published in Environmental Science & Technology in January. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. It is usually diagnosed by a blood test or a test of the hair/fur. Dahlia: Mercury poisoning is pretty rare in cats, and in people. The city of Minamata, Japan, is dotted with monuments commemorating victims of an industrial mass poisoning decades ago. If tuna is fed occasionally, its not a big deal but if you feed him tuna every day, you could be risking mercury poisoning. And my cat also developed bizarre symptoms: within the space of a few months, every one of its teeth became loose and fell out, and it produced excessive saliva. Cats can and do survive being poisoned if theyre treated early and appropriately. Diarrhea. Theres no cure for mercury poisoning. It has a shiny silver appearance, which gives it the nickname liquid silver. Mercury is an element on the periodic table with the symbol Hg and the atomic number 80. Well also discuss. If you believe your cat has ingested mercury, contact your vet and call the Pet Poison Control Hotline at (855) 764-7661. If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with mercury poisoning and treatment is advised, options may include medications used to bind mercury in the gastrointestinal tract and limit its absorption, such as activated charcoal. The information at Paws and Effect is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, nor prevent any disease and is intended for educational purposes only. You can help prevent toxicity by limiting your exposure to this potentially dangerous metal. Let's look at the effects of this flowering, Although stingrays generally arent dangerous, they will sting when disturbed or stepped on accidentally. WebBecause the neurologic and renal damage resulting from mercury poisoning is irreversible, treatment may be ineffective. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Please make a tax-deductible gift today. Older amalgam dental fillings (silver fillings) contain about 50% mercury (elemental) by weight along with other metals like silver, tin and copper. Its best to be aware of these advisories before consuming fish caught by yourself, your family, or your friends. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Nausea or vomiting. Siouxsie: If a diagnostic test indicates that your cat has mercury poisoning, a therapy called chelation can be done to eliminate the mercury from his body. Mineral Status -. Fish and shellfish that have high levels of mercury include: The FDA recommends that people who are pregnant or breastfeeding (chestfeeding) avoid or limit the amount of fish in their diet that contains high levels of mercury. Inorganic mercury can damage kidneys and cause blood loss. P.S. Learn more about how to keep your cat safe from toxic substances.

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