national crime information center search

There are two important days on the calendar for the MMIW cause: February 14 and May 5. Telephone number (317) 233-3171. The goal of NCIC 2000 is to help the criminal justice community perform its duties by providing and maintaining a computerized filing system of accurate and timely documented criminal justice information. This is startling as Native people only make up 2% of the US overall population. PA reduces the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery and gestational diabetes (1), and mothers PA during pregnancy can protect their offspring against chronic disease susceptibility (2). J Epidemiol Community Health 2018;72(3):2306. hbbd```b``VSA$YzD2jE3X|X\DI{0"A`N`EBA$'g$K~s 80D`Av{r.`5I` 4w20t@ ! A nongovernmental railroad or campus police department is one which performs the administration of criminal justice and has arrest powers pursuant to a state statute which allocates a substantial part of its annual budget to the administration of justice as defined by the Department of Justice Regulations on Criminal Justice Information Systems (28 CFR, Part 20, Subpart A) and which meets training requirements established by law or ordinance for law enforcement officers. National Crime Search pairs affordability and quality customer service to ensure your WebThe National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is a computerized index of missing persons and criminal information and is designed for the rapid exchange of information between U.S. Department of Justice Vinikoor-Imler LC, Messer LC, Evenson KR, Laraia BA. As a non-profit dedicated to Native people, Native Hope's goals include tackling prevalent issues plaguing Indigenous communities. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9(1):146. Titles for S.1285 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): A bill to direct the National Center for Education Statistics to produce an annual report on indicators of school crime and safety, and for other purposes. Deploy network infrastructure faster and easier than ever before, with pre-packaged yet massively scalable infrastructure components for top packet and optical systems. She vows to be a voice for the voices unheard. Research points to a number of solutions. Any court that hears civil cases only (with the exception of domestic violence and stalking cases) does not qualify for an NCIC 2000 ORI assignment, e.g., some probate courts. Abbreviations: MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity. A red hand over the mouth has become the symbol of a growing movement, the MMIW movement. A system used by Federal Firearms Licensees (FFLs) to determine a persons eligibility to buy firearms or explosives, helping to ensure prohibited persons are prevented from purchasing firearms, and to issue firearms-related permits, and manage seized firearms. When her Native American business partner, Jess, receives an unexpected opportunity to shoot in the American Southwest, they embark on an adventure to Arizona. National Crime Information Center (NCIC) National Crime Information Center Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division 1000 Custer Hollow Road Clarksburg, West Virginia 26306 Hours of Service: 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Telephone: (304) 625-2000 A locked padlock Physical changes caused by pregnancy may disrupt normal health behaviors and adversely affect PA levels (3). Native Hope and its allies are committed to putting an end to MMIW for goodand we need your help! Your message has not been sent. Center for Criminal Justice Technology (CCJT) Information Systems Integration Projects, Tribal Crime, Justice, and Safety (Part 2). A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. first half of Stacy and Tinas discussion. At baseline, steps per day and minutes per week of MVPA were measured by SenseWear armbands (IDSA), which have been validated for use during pregnancy (9), worn continuously for 5 to 8 days (21 h/d, including at least 1 weekend day). Other NCIC 2000 access, e.g., record entry/cancellation, is prohibited. %%EOF Choropleth maps depicting participant location and CrimeRisk score were created, as was a bivariate map depicting mean daily MVPA and CrimeRisk score. The management control agreements previously required will be considered one type of interagency; hence, the mandatory and exclusive language in this publication dealing with management control agreements is not entirely correct in light of this amendment, and a Technical Operational Update will be issued to clarify any uncertainty. Failure to do so will result in the expiration of the approval. Official websites use .gov Author Affiliations: 1Prevention Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia. Stacy Lee Reynolds and Christine (Tina) Crossland continue their discussion of tribal crime, justice, and safety, including how Native American persons experience crime victimization at higher rates than non-Native people and the jurisdictional complexities in responding to tribal crime, justice, and safety. Titles for S.1285 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): A bill to direct the National Center for Education Statistics to produce an annual report on indicators of school crime Native Hope crew and team members assisted with pre-and post-production work in order to make this film a reality. While women and girls are the primary victims of violence and human trafficking among Native Americans, they are not alone. Panelists discuss the application of research findings from an NIJ-sponsored study of sexual assault attrition to police practice in Los Angeles. These regulations in Section 20.3 define a criminal justice agency as (c) . According to a report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2021, there were more than 4.6 million violent victimizations and 11.7 million property crimes, the latest year for which such information is available. His interest in participating in an MMIW narrative project comes from seeing missing posters in the local Pueblos. Agencies meeting the above criteria are assigned an ORI number ending with the alphabetic character N. 4. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51(6):1292302. Data for this study were from the Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum (HIPP) study, which has been described in detail elsewhere (8). WebUniform Crime Reporting Program; National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Law Enforcement Enterprise Portal (LEEP) National Data Exchange (N-DEx) Identity History 2. Vehicle File: Records on stolen vehicles (and their license plates), vehicles involved in the commission of crimes, or vehicles that may be taken from the owner by force based on federally issued court order. the authority to set and enforce (1) priorities; (2) standards for the selection, supervision, and termination of personnel; and (3) policy governing the operation of computers, circuits, and telecommunications terminals used to process criminal history record information insofar as the equipment is used to process, store, or transmit criminal history record information. This includes wanted person information; missing person information; unidentified person information; stolen property information; criminal history information; information compiled in the course of investigation of crimes that are known or believed on reasonable grounds to have occurred, including information on identifiable individuals; and information on identifiable individuals compiled in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor possible criminal activity. The NCIC 2000 data bank can best be described as a computerized index of documented criminal justice information concerning crimes and criminals of nationwide interest and a locator file for missing and unidentified persons. There are three main focal points: (1) the mutual benefits of researcher/practitioner partnerships, (2) the implications of variation in police interpretation of UCR guidelines specific to clearing sexual assault (with an emphasis on cases involving nonstrangers), and (3) the content of specialized training that must be required for patrol officers and detectives who respond to and investigate sex crimes. Since storytelling remains core to Native Hopes mission, the team moved forward with the vision. Surrounding greenness, proximity to city parks and pregnancy outcomes in Kaunas cohort study. An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. Therefore, this study aims to investigate associations between neighborhood crime and objectively measured PA among pregnant women enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. In-depth strategy and insight into critical interconnection ecosystems, datacenter connectivity, product optimization, fiber route development, and more. The name of the MDD system or CAD vendor must be identified in the request. Pagination . . Law enforcement tends to turn a blind eye, fail to take the report seriously, and do little to assist. Orlando Skidmore (White Mountain Apache), screenwriter, and cinematographer brought forward his idea for a storyline to highlight some of the issues Natives face when combating systemic apathy surrounding MMIW. 15PBJS-21-GK-00161-NCHI. (d) The administration of criminal justice means performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders. It is because of the efforts of Native women and their families this crisis is gaining momentum. Submit all selections. This presents a variety of crucial issues involving reporting policies, jurisdictional complications, and communication and coordination problems between agencies. Privacy Policy, Contact Us(888) 999-2108hope@nativehope.orgPO Box 576 112 South Main StreetChamberlain, SD 57325, ACROSS THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA NATIVE WOMEN AND GIRLS ARE BEING TAKEN OR MURDERED AT AN UNRELENTING RATE, 5,712 reports of missing American Indian and Alaska Native women and girls, murder is the third leading cause of death, are victims of violence in their lifetime and Native children are more likely to experience trauma and abuse than their non-Native peers. The definition contained therein is as follows: . Through providing a platform, tools, and resources, Native Hope aspires to assist in bringing MMIW awareness to the forefront. CrimeRisk score was also correlated with overall perceived crime (r = 0.43), as well as daytime (r = 0.45) and nighttime (r = 0.28) walking safety (P <.001). Native Hope assists in the efforts of these courageous individuals and organizations on the frontlines of the MMIW movement by providing opportunities to raise awareness in a variety of ways. JWIN securely provides authorized agencies access to the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and Interstate Identification Index (III), National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), and the International Justice and input, Report Can a Felon Receive Clearance From Homeland Security? Accessibility [4] In the mid-1990s, the program went through an upgrade from the legacy system to the current NCIC 2000 system. This documentation will be reviewed by State Police Legal authority and then submitted to the F.B.I. Identity Theft File: Records containing descriptive and other information that law enforcement personnel can use to determine if an individual is a victim of identity theft or if the individual might be using a false identity. For Native Americans, this adds one more layer of trauma upon existing wounds that cannot heal. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. GIS SNAPSHOTS Volume 20 April 20, 2023. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(1965224, '9e03196d-7229-44a5-9cf7-2d71b4de29b7', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Lead Actress Tsailii Rogers plays Marty in Voices Unheard. . A randomized controlled trial to prevent excessive gestational weight gain and promote postpartum weight loss in overweight and obese women: Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum (HIPP). A governmental agency not meeting the qualifications set out in (1) must meet the definition of an agency under management control of a criminal justice agency as defined in the Computerized Criminal History Program Background, Concept and Policy as approved by the NCIC Advisory Policy Board, March 1, 1984, (Policy Paper). WebMust qualify for and obtain TLETS (Texas Law Enforcement Telecommunications System) and TCIC/NCIC (Texas Crime Information Center/ National Crime Information Center) Terminal Operator certification within six (6) months of employment. Actor Vince Newton plays the Older Gentleman in Voices Unheard. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The accuracy of crime statistics: assessing the impact of police data bias on geographic crime analysis. Entering records has to be conducted by a criminal justice agency, and then in return, this information is accessible to other law enforcement agencies nationwide. The numbers speak for themselves: Native American women make up a significant portion of the missing and murdered cases. In order to make the consolidation and transition more smooth listed below are some of the requirements needed for IDACS: To order network connectivity service, contact Mr. Charlie Sharp (Data /Voice Communications Manger), Indiana Office of Technology, Indiana Telecommunications Network. A letter is required to be sent to IDACS advising of the consolidation or transition and any agencies involved. Associations of neighbourhood crime with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in Chicago: analysis of electronic health records from 2009 to 2013. MMIWG cases were identified across 71 selected urban cities. CDC twenty four seven. These events fundamentally change Marty. Funding First Awarded. So make sure you have the proper clearance and certification to gain access to the records. No copyrighted materials or tools were used in this research. Therefore, future studies should consider using CrimeRisk score to examine associations between crime and pregnant womens PA in larger and more diverse study areas. Pagination . Records in the Missing Person File are retained indefinitely, until the individual is located, or the record is canceled by the entering agency. Average daily MVPA was calculated for each participant. Public Law 99-169 (as amended) the Security Clearance Information Act (SCIA), authorizes the Department of Defense (DOD), the National Security Agency (NSA), the Defense Security Service (DSS), the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Department of State (DOS), and the FBI to receive criminal history record information on individuals investigated by them for access to classified information or assignment to or retention in sensitive national security duties. The double teepee tribal symbol is used to symbolize camp or Indian village, as where Native Americans live impacts silence on the MMIW issue. Prev Chronic Dis 2023;20:220239. Tribal Crime, Justice, and Laraia B, Messer L, Evenson K, Kaufman JS. WebSince 2007, the U.S. Department of Justice has helped to lead the search for tens of thousands of missing Americans. Do you know what the top contributing factors are? In order to stop this victimization of Native sisters, the world must be educated. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(1965224, 'd27b9738-7523-4fd9-8626-b4a2e667e98a', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); With your support we can dismantle barriers and inspire hope for Native voices unheard. WebWe have found National Crime Search to be extremely professional, competent, friendly, and very responsive to our requests. Native Americans believe that the dead can see red, so by wearing red we invoke the help of our ancestors and spiritual guides. Associations between the quality of the residential built environment and pregnancy outcomes among women in North Carolina. "murder is the third leading cause of death for native women.". Formerly known as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) a database of palm and fingerprints and mugshots, allowing verification of identity, submissions of arrest information, and access to fingerprint-based criminal histories. It is important the IDACS System Coordinator be advised of the progress of the consolidation so that proper planning on this end can occur. The built environment may also play a role in determining a womans ability to be active during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The National Crime Information Center, or NCIC, is a centralized database that contains information on criminals and criminal activity. Dipietro L, Evenson KR, Bloodgood B, Sprow K, Troiano RP, Piercy KL, et al. A lock ( WebSince 2007, the U.S. Department of Justice has helped to lead the search for tens of thousands of missing Americans. WebFY 2021 National Criminal History Improvement Program. In an April 2, 2019 press release, Congresswoman Haaland explained, The stakes are too high to keep the status quo in place. Ensure that the security has been put in place; the NCIC has established certain measures to ensure the integrity and the privacy of the data is not breached. Regular physical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits for women before, during, and after pregnancy (1). CJIS manages and operatesseveral national crime information systems used by the public safety community for both criminal and civil purposes. Any existing agency name changes or consolidations will require submission of a new Terminal Agency Agreement. Agencies across the United States submit information to, and obtain information from, CJIS systems. WebWhat is the National Crime Information Center? Consolidation of Dispatch Centers and Dispatch Centers that are going under an authority other than law enforcement are ever more increasing. An objective crime score was derived for each participants home address at the census tract level using Esri Applied Geographic Solutions CrimeRisk index score (11). An interstate justice and public safety network owned by the states supporting inquiry into state systems for criminal history, drivers license and motor vehicle registration, as well as supporting inquiry into federal systems, such as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Law Enforcement Support Center, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) National Drug Pointer Index (NDPIX), and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aircraft Registry, as well as the Government of Canadas Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC). Supercharge your procurement process, with industry leading expertise in sourcing of network backbone, colocation, and packet/optical network infrastructure. Data includes incident reports, arrest reports, booking and incarceration reports, pre-trial investigations, and probation and parole records. It stands for the oppression and subjugation of Native women who are now rising up to say #NoMoreStolenSisters. Associations Between Neighborhood Crime and Physical Activity Among Pregnant Women in South Carolina. Listen to the first half of Stacy and Tinas discussion. We need to give a voice to those unheard. The arrowhead tribal symbol is used to symbolize alertness, as this film is raising awareness to the MMIW issue. In this 15-minute short film, you'll learn about Melissa Skeet's journey and how she went from being a voice unheard to being a voice for others. It stands for all the missing sisters whose voices are not heard. Gun File: Records on stolen, lost, and recovered weapons and weapons that are designed to expel a projectile by air, carbon dioxide, or explosive action and have been used in the commission of crimes. Research for the Real World: NIJ Seminar Series, Using Forensic Intelligence To Combat Serial and Organized Violent Crimes, Notes from the Field: Solving Missing Persons Cases in Indian Country, Responding to Sexual Assault Victims of Color, An Exploratory Analysis of the United States Firearm Transfer Regulatory System, Cold Cases: Strategies Explored at NIJ Regional Trainings, Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains: The Nations Silent Mass Disaster, Center for Criminal Justice Technology Systems Integration Projects. Sallis JF, Kerr J, Carlson JA, Norman GJ, Saelens BE, Durant N, et al. These codes generically identify the case as a probation or parole violation and do not provide specific information concerning the nature of the original offense or the nature (i.e., non violent or not drug related, etc.) Soon, Native women had been victims of rape, violence, and submission. Your agency must submit a letter on agency letterhead to the Chairperson of the IDACS Committee. A gateway for criminal justice agencies to access unclassified law enforcement intelligence products, as well as systems or services such as N-DEx, Intelink, the Regional Information Sharing Systems Network (RISSNET), National Gang Intelligence Center, eGuardian, Virtual Command Center, and others. INDIANAPOLIS The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute (ICJI) is observing National Crime Victims Rights Week from April 23-29. How can we prevent reoffending and reduce costs? Pre-colonization, Native societies traditionally revered and honored the sacredness of women. WebOffense Code Categories for Crimes. Blaize AN, Pearson KJ, Newcomer SC. The construction and configuration of the network must be in compliance with the CJIS Security Policy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. . Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40(11):19018. WebThe National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is a valuable tool for South Dakota law enforcement officials, housing crime data that can be accessed by nearly every criminal Reporting and Investigating Missing Persons: A Background Paper On How To Frame The Issue, Commercial Wireless Provides Savings, Speedy Access for LAPD, Long and Winding Road to Desistance From Crime for Drug-Involved Offenders: The Long-Term Influence of TC Treatment on Re-Arrest, Impact of Prison Reentry Services on Short-Term Outcomes: Evidence From a Multisite Evaluation, How Collaboration Between Researchers and Police Chiefs Can Improve the Quality of Sexual Assault Investigations: A Look at Los Angeles, The 10-9 Project: Voice Activated Mobile Data Computers - Interview at the 2010 NIJ Conference, Evaluation of Milwaukee's Judicial Oversight Demonstration, Emerging Forensic Identification Technologies: Heat Shock for Cold Cases. New Terminal User Agreements must be signed and a copy of all Non-Terminal User Agreements for the agencies that are serviced must be signed and mailed to IDACS. Navigation Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The NCIC database includes 21 files: 14 person files and seven property files. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(1965224, '17389b77-9bc6-4919-904d-9cc063feaad7', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Copyright 2022 Native Hope - All rights reserved. People of all ages are victims of these horrific crimes, including men, boys, infants, and the elderly. The International Justice and Public Safety Network (Nlets) is made up of representatives of law enforcement agencies from each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, many Federal law enforcement agencies and the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB). These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), International Justice and Public Safety Network (Nlets), Reauthorizations of the Violence Against Women Act. Saving Lives, Protecting People, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Tribal Crime, Justice, and Safety (Part 2) July 2022. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Listen to the first half of Stacy and Tinas discussion. Evidence also exists that local police data are subject to racial bias (15). WebThis web site is provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to provide a free nationwide search for sex offenders registered by states, territories, Indian tribes, and the District of ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The Not Invisible Act would bring together a committee of law enforcement, tribal authorities, federal partners, and more to study and discuss solutions to the crisis of murdered and missing Indigenous women and to establish better systems of coordination. However, much of the available literature has relied on self-reported PA data, and few studies have examined the association between neighborhood safety and objectively measured PA during pregnancy. The request must include any documents, IC Codes, local ordinances etc., establishing the consolidation of dispatch centers. Melissa discovered that roller derby was not only a savior for her during this time, but the empowering athletes within this sport brought her back to life. The purpose of the system was to create a centralized information system to facilitate information flow between the numerous law enforcement branches. Vendor information and name(s) and telephone number(s) for point of contact. This tribal symbol is used to symbolize day and night, or the concept of time. According to a report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2021, there were more than 4.6 million violent victimizations and 11.7 million property crimes, the latest year for which such information is available. the youngest MMIW victim was a baby less than one year old and the oldest victim was an 83-year-old. Official websites use .gov In contrast, neighborhood disturbances, such as housing damage and crime, are associated with lower PA during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes (6,7). WebSEARCH FY 2023 National Criminal History Improvement Program (NCHIP) Training and Technical Assistance Program 15PBJS-23-GK-00052-NCHI Open Funding First Awarded 2023 $1,500,000 FY 2022 Michigan NCHIP 15PBJS-22-GK-01028-NCHI Open Funding First Awarded 2022 $1,308,071 FY 2022 California NCHIP 15PBJS-22-GK-01036-NCHI Open We take your privacy seriously. Get your free MMIW social media toolkit and start sharing and educating today. PANES contains a single item of overall perceived crime and 2 items averaged to create an overall neighborhood crime score: The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks (during the day/at night). Ratings ranged from 1, strongly disagree to 4, strongly agree. The performance of such tasks does not convert an otherwise noncriminal justice agency into a criminal justice agency as described in (1) above. They hope to help make an impact in MMIW through this narrative film. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. There is also a connection to the Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC) files. WebThe National Crime Information Center, or NCIC, has been called the lifeline of law enforcementan electronicclearinghouse of crime data that can be tapped into by virtually every criminal justice agency nationwide, 24hours a day, 365 days a year. Thankfully, women and men, Native and non-Native, are working together through dozens of organizations to give voice to the MMIW. Official websites use .gov Investigators can review criminal justice data from state, local, tribal, regional, and federal agencies, 24/7, from any secure Internet-capable device. Settings, Start voice Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. . However, local police data are often difficult to obtain (15) and were not available for this study. Perceived crime and safety (particularly daytime walking safety) did influence participant PA, which may be because perceptions of safety are more influential determinants of PA behavior for pregnant women (13). The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967. Read the transcript. For the athletic conference, see, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, National Instant Criminal Background Check System, "Testimony Before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Washington DC", "Under fire FBI vows to meet database deadline", "Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Agriculture and Transportation, Committee on Government Operations, and the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives", "National Crime Information Center (NCIC)", "Probable Cause Based on Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice of NCIC Operating Policies and Procedures", "MPI Report Shows Database Errors Plague Immigration Enforcement", National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center, Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Information_Center&oldid=1106652404, Law enforcement databases in the United States, Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Foreign Fugitive File: Records on people wanted by another country for a crime that would be a. However, the fun is short-lived when Jess vanishes without a trace. February 14 is MMIW National Day of Action and Awareness. 4Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. In the adjusted linear models, MVPA was associated with both overall perceived crime score ( = 5.52, P = .03) and perceived daytime walking safety ( = 6.99, P = .02). hb```e``: In 2017, Melissa was a victim of domestic violence, where she almost lost her life. The IDACS Lesson Plan is available via the Messenger application through the CJIS Launch Pad through nexTEST or via Messenger Forms, click on Links and select nexTEST Page.

Ronnie Rivers, Fresno State Nfl Draft, Pihole Default Password Docker, Dedham Police Officer Dies, Echogenic Intracardiac Focus Negative Nipt, Articles N