What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? //. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. . This belief illustrated the importance of the states rights argument to the southern states. In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). The Southern clergy who accommodated slavery did so for two main reasons. White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. What were financial incentives for slavery in the South (products, share of global market) . ." The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as are the links which hold it together. After all, the New Testaments injunctions for slaves to obey their masters appeared alongside instructions for wives to obey their husbands., This hierarchy placed white men (including ministers) at the top, because slaves (and white women and children) were incapable of ordering themselves. It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. . . Why did most slaves typically prefer living and working on a plantation rather than a small farm? Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a positive good. He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states rights to preserve slavery. . The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory. Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. . 1011). Can you think of a modern parallel to Fitzhughs argument? I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). Another ensured that slave owners could travel between Confederate states with their slaves. The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. Both the Garrisonian abolitionists and the Southern apologists for slavery thought the Constitution permitted slavery, with one group condemning it, the other celebrating it. . What hearty handshakings after the service. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. . If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Calhouns idea of the concurrent majority found full expression in his 1850 essay Disquisition on Government. In this treatise, he wrote about government as a necessary means to ensure the preservation of society, since society existed to preserve and protect our race. If government grew hostile to society, then a concurrent majority had to take action, including forming a new government. He would become an insufferable burden to society. The Confederate Constitution made alterations of individual rights easier than under the U.S. Constitution. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). The sermon, which reads in part almost like the Declaration of Independence, notes that a nation "often has a character as well defined and intense as that of the individual" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. Southern states believed that a Republican government would dissolve the institution of slavery, would not honor states rights, and promote tariff laws. Published in 1994 . 7879). It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. Planters' sons chose military or law careers rather than going into trade. John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. A key issue was states rights. Boles, John B. Having split from co-denominations in the North over the theological justification of slavery in the 1840s, southern Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches refused to reconcile themselves to a new reality in the 1860s and 1870s. Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery. they tightened slave codes and prohibited both voluntary and compensated emancipation. Enslavers, he argued, took care of the ignorantin Fitzhughs argument, the enslaved persons of the South. Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? White southerners in the 1830s began portraying free blacks as savages because they were trying to. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists In African American families in which husband and wife were often separated, who was typically considered the head of the family? . "Remember the Alamo". . Our best stories about the vast histories and cultures of Americans with ancestry in Asia and the Pacific. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? A lot of Puritans are in the North as well, and they don't condone slavery as much and believe it a sin (manstealing). During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842. many escaped slaves hiding in Florida fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. Moreover, many prominent Southern ministers made special efforts to provide religious instruction to slaves, whether in church or on their own plantations. His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. In the case of the Episcopalians, several Southern dioceses seceded to form the Episcopal Church, C.S.A. . yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? . On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. What were the 4 main causes of the Civil War? All rights reserved. In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Actually, it was not. slavery actually reduced their standard of living. few did because of the competition with slave labor, a former slave/the Barber of Natchez who owned slaves and property, no, they were prohibited from working in certain occupations and testifying against whites in court; they could be sold back into slavery; some states forbid their entrance, most forbid them from voting, and some forbid them from public schools, no, Congress outlawed it in 1808, but thousands were smuggled in. . It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . One popular advocate of the idea posited that Black people occupied a place in evolution between the Greeks and chimpanzees. ." Maintaining slavery, many Southerners believed, was doing the slaves a favor. children who required constant supervision. In the enjoyment of these rights, religion demands he should be protected. On the other hand, abolitionist arguments against slavery challenged proslavery apologists to push slave evangelization: If slavery was to be defended as a positive good, the slaves had to be converted to Christianity and master-slave relations had to be conducted along biblical lines.
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