They become osteocytes, the cells of mature bone, when they get trapped in the matrix. The epiphyses, which are wider sections at each end of a long bone, are filled with spongy bone and red marrow. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 1). The sternum, ribs, and bones forming the cranium are, Most bones of the limbs are _?_ bones. Evolutionary Changes in Human Spongy Bone. Bone scans are also useful. (B) Saddle Joint The open spaces of the trabeculated network of spongy bone allow spongy bone to support shifts in weight distribution, which is the function of spongy bone. Located in the spaces, between the trabeculae of some spongy bones is red bone marrow. d. Blood vessels enter osteons by way of Volkmann's precipitate in and around collagenous fibers (e) a mass of Which of the following statements about osteons is not The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum. It is the location of the bone marrow. These bone cells (described later) cause the bone to grow, repair, and remodel throughout life. Kenhub. The bones of the wrists and ankles are short bones. (C) Elbow (D) leukocytes, What cells maintain the cellular activities of bone? The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure1). In this region, the epiphyses are covered with articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber. The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including theendosteum and the cellular layer of the periosteum. Some scientists believe Pagets disease is due to an as-yet-unidentified virus. Figure5. The densely packed concentric rings of matrix in compact bone are ideal for resisting compressive forces, which is the function of compact bone. The modern human skeleton is unique in that it has a low trabecular density compared to its size. going to be talking about what is called the haversian system. calcium salt crystals form in and around collagenous fibers (2017, November 05). Long ago, when people first looked at bone they did not have all the equipment we have today and they named things based on what it looked like to them. wrap around each other to form this osteon. Blood vessels within red bone marrow supply osteocytes of spongy bone and aid in removing waste products. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Foramen (holes through which blood vessels can pass through), Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow, Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum, Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone, Identify the anatomical features of a bone, Define and list examples of bone markings, Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone, Identify the structures that compose compact and spongy bone, Describe how bones are nourished and innervated. Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bones overall function. It is through this process that the long bones in a human embryo develop. Holes are openings or depressions in the bones. Read more. Blood vessels within red bone marrow supply osteocytes of spongy bone and aid in removing waste products. central haversian canal to these empty spaces On the outside of bones there is another layer of cells that grow, repair and remodel bone as well. Compact bone tissue forms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. "Difference between Spongy Bone and Compact Bone. (0011213513051312130)\left(\begin{array}{rrr}{0} & {0} & {1} \\ {-\frac{12}{13}} & {\frac{5}{13}} & {0} \\ {\frac{5}{13}} & {\frac{12}{13}} & {0}\end{array}\right) From the ATP yield of palmitate oxidation, what is the metabolic efficiency of the biological oxidation, in terms of kilojoules saved as ATP per kilojoule released? Besides cortical and spongy bone tissues, bones contain several other tissues, including blood vessels and nerves. Read more. Anatomy of a Flat Bone. The walls of the diaphysis are compact bone. Bone is a very active tissue. Osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts. Spongy bone is sometimes called cancellous bone or trabecular bone. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. So each of these lacunae is The osteoblasts try to compensate but the new bone they lay down is weak and brittle and therefore prone to fracture. Bone is composed o, Posted 5 years ago. The nerves sense pain, and it appears the nerves also play roles in regulating blood supplies and in bone growth, hence their concentrations in metabolically active sites of the bone. They branch out from the List four types of bone cells and their functions. it has a specific type of organization made up of these osteons, these repeating functional units. All of the options listed are true. A. vessels, lymph vessels and nerves as well. Although bone cells compose a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to the function of bones. B. b. Cartilage cells die, the matrix degenerates, and Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diplo (spongy bone), covered on either side by a layer of compact bone (Figure 6.3.3). Tests on early human bones show they contained a higher percentage of spongy bone than modern humans. Due to the strong nature of compact bone, compared to spongy bone, it is the preferred tissue for strength. D) Blood-forming tissue is found in the skull and pelvic bones only. About 20% of the human skeleton is spongy bone. This section will examine the gross anatomy of bone first and then move on to its histology. As with the other markings, their size and shape reflect the size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the bone at these points. If palmitic acid is subjected to complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter, one can calculate the standard free energy of combustion of 9788kJ/mol9788 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}9788kJ/mol. The cells responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown, are the osteoclasts. Which of the following is NOT true about spongy bone? Each osteocyte is located in a space called alacunaand is surrounded by bone tissue. cartilage matrix. vessels and nerves. A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. Whenever you see the X-rays may show bone deformities or areas of bone resorption. Each ring of the osteon is made of collagen and calcified matrix and is called a lamella (plural = lamellae). Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The trabeculae are covered by the endosteum, which can readily remodel them. This process also occurs in the liver and spleen. (a) contains stem cells Blood vessels supply compact bone with oxygen and nutrients through structures called Haversian canals or osteons. Select one:1 a. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. The trabeculae may appear to be a random network, but each trabecula forms along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone. c. Blood vessels, dragging osteoblasts and marrow Spongy bone is softer and weaker than compact bone, but is also more flexible. These cellular differences explain why cortical and spongy bone tissues have such different structures. Normal leg bones are relatively straight, but those affected by Pagets disease are porous and curved. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae (singular = trabecula) (Figure 7). a. Reading time: 2 minutes. (2015). Diagram of Compact Bone. A) Provides support for certain soft tissues B) Synthesizes red blood cells C) Forms gliding surface at articulations D) Serves as model for bone formation B What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates? Osteoblasts replace calcifies cartilage with early sponge bone no osteons, lamellae, superficial, and glossy A b. red bone marrow, canaliculi, no osteons 4 Q Figure3. It is a disorder of the bone remodeling process that begins with overactive osteoclasts. The epiphysis of a bone, such as the neck of the femur, is subject to stress from many directions. In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions? Osteocytes positioned close to a blood vessels can take on nutrients and expel waste products through tiny interconnecting channels on the surface of the trabeculae called canaliculi. Direct link to Izzati Aqilah's post Whats are the differences, Posted 7 years ago. "Spongy Bone." Spongy bone is the inner framework of the bone in which the bone marrow resides. Now let's take a piece of Figure 6.3.1 - Anatomy of a Long Bone: A typical long bone showing gross anatomical features. replacing cartilage. The carpals and tarsals are examples of _?_ bones. Bone markings depend on the function and location of bones. It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide a surface for inorganic salt crystals to adhere. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Like compact bone, spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. (a) osteoblasts secrete osteoid Areas of bone resorption have an affinity for the ion, so they will light up on the scan if the ions are absorbed. Their shapes are irregular and complicated. The periosteum covers the entire outer surface except where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints (Figure2). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. It is also found inside the vertebrae, in the ribs, in the skull and in the bones of the joints. (A) shoulder Posted 7 years ago. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone. It is denser than compact bone. section of a piece of bone. (a) trabeculae composed of lamellae (b) spaces lined with (C) osteoclasts Firstly it is weaker but more flexible than cortical (compact) bone which it is very hard and strong but ridged (generally things that are ridged and hard do well under compression but not tension/flexure), so areas that come under flexure (eg ribs, ends of long bones) may benefit. Direct link to Alex Sutliff's post Spongy bone is important , Posted 5 years ago. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. Cartilage is , Posted 7 years ago. convert to osteoblasts (b) osteoblasts and osteoclasts Figure1. Bones of the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs are the most commonly affected. Compact bone is dense and composed of osteons, while spongy bone is less dense and made up of trabeculae. (D) wrists, What type of freely movable joint is an example of ones that permit back and forth? Marrow is a type of tissue found inside many animal bones, including our own. The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. Sesamoid bones hold tendons farther away from joints so the angle of the tendons is increased, thus increasing the leverage of muscles. Figure9. In addition, blood levels of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase are typically elevated in people with Pagets disease. Each osteon consists of lamellae of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal (Haversian canal). Bone. (D) wrists, What body part has a joint that works in a manner similar to a door? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The human skeleton stores 99% of the bodys calcium and 85% of the phosphorous. It has fewer gaps and spaces, but what really makes The answer lies in the properties of a third category of bone cellstheosteogenic cell. It accounts for about 80 percent of the total bone mass of the adult skeleton. (A) It is less dense than compact bone (B) it is organized into structures that resembles a bridge's supporting girders (C) it is soft and spongy (D) it adds strength to bone without adding mass c What is the skeleton of a newborn baby mainly composed of? Although bone cells compose less than 2%of the bone mass, they are crucial to the function of bones. Find reliable sources to answer the following questions: Watch this entertaining and fast-paced Crash Course video to further explore bone structure: Check out this video to learn more about bone remodeling: This page titled 14.4: Structure of Bone is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. What causes the osteoclasts to become overactive? that cause the matrix to calcify. Spongy bone is commonly found at the end of long bones, as well as the ribs, skull, pelvic bones and vertebrae. We now know this is incorrect, but the names have remained. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis. As a result of it's work, as well that of other osteocytes, they form the boney caves or spaces in which they reside, called lacunae. If the outer layer of a cranial bone fractures, the brain is still protected by the intact inner layer. Which of the following provides support for the body, attachment sites for muscles, and protection for internal organs? In long bones, as you move from the outer cortical compact bone to the inner medullary cavity, the bone transitions to spongy bone. Which is not a function of cartilage? As its name suggests, spongy bone is porous like a sponge, containing an irregular network of spaces. A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. Where do osteoblasts and osteocytes come from, and how are they related to each other? (C) elbow Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer ofdiplo(spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone (Figure3). (a) trabeculae composed of lamellae (b) spaces lined with endosteum (c) periosteum (d) osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi (e) marrow spaces filled with yellow or red bone marrow d 13. (d) lamellae (e) lacunae, 14. They are a poetic reminder of where we came from, and how something so preposterous as having live active cells interacting in a material that appears so inanimate might actually be true. Now if you look at the Spongy bone tissue fills part or all of the interior of many bones. Bisphosphonate treatment can reduce the overall risk of deformities or fractures, which in turn reduces the risk of surgical repair and its associated risks and complications. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. e. Osteoblasts lay down bone around the degenerating Which event does not occur in endochondral bone C. It is less dense than compact bone. Which of the following persists for life Articular cartilage Process of ossification 1. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Lindsay M. Biga, Staci Bronson, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Kristen Oja, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20904735, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum, Endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum, growing portions of bone, Endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum, at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone, Foramen (holes through which blood vessels can pass through), Identify the gross anatomical features of a bone, Describe the histology of bone tissue, including the function of bone cells and matrix, Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone, Identify the structures that compose compact and spongy bone, Describe how bones are nourished and innervated. that if you take a look at spongy bone, that it looks pretty much a lot like a sponge and Sophie Stewart Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone. (Ignore the cost of fatty acid activation.). Biologydictionary.net Editors. Pagets Disease. signals with each other. Bone Cells. Which of the following is NOT a function of bones in the human skeletal system? These vessels and nerves branch off at right angles through a perforating canal, also known as Volkmanns canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum. Diagram of Blood and Nerve Supply to Bone. Spongy bone and compact bone make up the long bones of the human skeleton. Direct link to SofiyaMarkova's post No, gap junctions are in , Posted 8 years ago. (2017, May 07). Spongy bone is usually located at the ends of the long bones (the epiphyses), with the harder compact bone surrounding it. This system allows nutrients to be transported to the osteocytes and wastes to be removed from them despite the impervious calcified matrix. So let's talk more about While compact bone is denser and has fewer open spaces, spongy bone is ideal for making and storing bone marrow within the lattice-like trabeculae network. Spongy bone is usually located at the ends of the long bones (the epiphyses), with the harder compact bone surrounding it. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. The mineral content of blood must be tightly regulated to ensure proper functioning of the muscles and nervous system. Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand compressive forces, while spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) has open spaces and is supportive, but also lightweight and can be readily remodeled to accommodate changing body needs. Release of minerals into the bloodstream is accomplished quickly when needed, and this action is often mediated by hormones. These are the attachment points for tendons and ligaments. Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Staci Bronson, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Kristen Oja, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Running down the center of each osteon is thecentral canal, or Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. What clinical findings are associated with hyperglycemia, and how do they differ from those of hypoglycemia? The spaces of the trabeculated network provide balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily. spaces appear in the matrix. compact bone ? As the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within it; as a result, it changes in structure and becomes anosteocyte, the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell. The outer walls of the diaphysis (cortex, cortical bone)are composed of dense and hard compact bone, a form of osseous tissue. Spongy bone can be converted to compact bone by the action of osteoblasts, bone cells that secrete the material that creates the compact bone matrix. A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. As described earlier, canaliculi connect with the canaliculi of other lacunae and eventually with the central canal. c. The Haversian or central canal contains blood It is found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bone. Osteoblasts are cells that make new bone. Figure8. The two layers of compact bone and the interior spongy bone work together to protect the internal organs. So let's take a look inside. ? The diaphysis is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Diseased or damaged bone marrow can be replaced by donated bone marrow cells, which help treat and often cure many life-threatening conditions, including leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. How does one become a potential bone marrow donor? correct ? Both compact and spongy bone tissues have the same types of cells, but they differ in how the cells are arranged. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD The epiphyses of bones, such as the neck of the femur, are subject to stress from many directions. Compact bone is made up of units called lamellae which are sheets of collagen aligned in a parallel pattern that gives the bone strength. Learn more about bone marrow donation, and consider whether you might want to do it yourself. (B) Haversian Canals Compact bone stores yellow bone marrow, which is composed primarily of fat, in its medullary cavity. Cortical bone tissue gives bone its smooth, dense, solid appearance. Table 6.2 describes the bone markings, which are illustrated in (Figure 6.3.4). Sutural bones are very small bones that are located between the major bones of the skull, within the joints (sutures) between the larger bones. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called anosteon, or Haversian system. You can see these tissues in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts (Figure 6.3.5). The answer is still unknown, but hereditary factors seem to play a role. Spongy bone is prominent in areas of bones that are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions. can you actually explain the term osteon? d. Osteoblasts convert the calcified cartilage matrix to Direct link to SofiyaMarkova's post Cartilage bone. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Excellent stuff bones! matrix (d) all of these (e) none of these, Periosteum: (a) is an anchoring site for tendons and These osteogenic cells are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide. release acids and enzymes that break down bone matrix (c) Its considered a delicacy in some cuisines. The dynamic nature of bone means that new tissue is constantly formed, and old, injured, or unnecessary bone is dissolved for repair or for calcium release. canal, or central canal. Trabeculae are spaces created in the tissue by thin areas of osteoblast cells. The basic microscopic unit of bone is an osteon (or Haversian system). Direct link to Johannes Hartig's post Spongy bone is the inner , Posted 7 years ago. Direct link to jessica paoletti's post Is this true for all bone, Posted 4 years ago. Its roasted bone marrow, still inside the bones. Osteoblasts continuously make new bone, and osteoclasts keep breaking down bone. If a bone marrow transplant is successful, the new bone marrow will start making healthy blood cells and improve the patients condition. As the name implies, anarticulationis where two bone surfaces come together (articulus = joint). that can become osteoblasts (b) is necessary for the repair see, carry their own set of small blood vessels. It is characterized by a lattice-like matrix network called trabeculae (Latin for little beam) that gives it its spongy appearance. The osteocyte, when immature, is called an osteoblast. Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons, the connective tissues that bind muscles to bones. So each of these osteons Biologydictionary.net Editors. In a growing long bone, the epiphyses and the diaphysis The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Which of the following statements about bone is not. (D) embryos, newborn children, and teenagers, The shoulder joint is an example of Which of the following is not associated with spongy bone ? The surface features of bones depend on their function, location, attachment of ligaments and tendons, or the penetration of blood vessels and nerves. Perichondrium cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts 3. a. Osteons are composed of concentric lamellae. And the overall effect (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012). Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels 2. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Why? And these connect osteons to one another and also, as you can Osteoclasts are continually breaking down old bone while osteoblasts are continually forming new bone. Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the nutrient foramen. Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton? The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. Introduction to Bone. Long bones are made mostly of compact bone, with lesser amounts of spongy bone and marrow. Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. You can see an example of each type of bone in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\). osteoblasts secrete osteoid tissue (d) calcium salts (b) In this micrograph of the osteon, you can clearly see the concentric lamellae and central canals. fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones Answer C The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity. The cellular layer is adjacent to the cortical bone and is covered by an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue (see Figure 6.3.4a). Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. Spongy bone has a greater surface area than cortical bone but makes up only 20 percent of bone mass. If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to deteriorate, which is actually what happens in osteoarthritis, you would experience joint pain at the end of that bone and limitation of motion at that joint because there would be no cartilage to reduce friction between adjacent bones and there would be no cartilage to act as a shock absorber. b. If you look at compact bone under the microscope, you will observe a highly organized arrangement of concentric circles that look like tree trunks. It is highly vascularized and contains red bone marrow. Aholeis an opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone. bone that is on the outermost that you can actually Reviewer: Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.
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