and pragmatic (how is the belief helpful?) However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. Their get up and go has got up and gone! Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. Kazdin et al. Is the raised dopamine levels the cause of the schizophrenia, or is it the raised dopamine level the result of schizophrenia? Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. VAT reg no 816865400. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. including dysfunctional thought processing. The reason for this is because the research is carried out in highly controlled environments, which specialist, high tech equipment such as MRI and PET scans. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. For example, schizophrenia and depression are often found together. (2005) tested the reliability of the ICD-10 classification system in diagnosing schizophrenia. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. a) Explain why a Mann-Whitney test is an appropriate choice of statistical test in this situation and a Spearman's test is not. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. 11 items. The modern understanding of diathesis-stress is slightly different. These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. why some children in such dysfunctional families often do not go on to develop schizophrenia. To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. It is not a cure. Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. less effect on movement However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. David Rosenhan (1973) famous experiment involving Pseudopatients led to 8 normal people being kept in hospital despite behaving normally. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. However, evidence may not be reliable as patients recall may be affected by their schizophrenia. Predictive validity. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. (2004): Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. Education and rapport training: therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the clients own coping strategies and develop new ones. Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. This creates problems of reliability. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Pharaoh et al. Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. Research by Miyakawa et al. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. They are then given homework tasks to practice, and keep a record of how it worked. The dopamine hypothesis is another biological explanation for schizophrenia. The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? The diathesis-stress model states that both a vulnerability to SZ and a stress trigger are necessary to develop the condition. 1. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. [4 marks], "Two years ago Jenny was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. Psychomotor Disturbances: Stereotypyical Rocking backwards and forwards, twitches, & repetitive behaviors. Ethical issues Antipsychotics have been used in hospitals to calm patients and make them easier for staff to work with rather than for the patients benefit Can lead to the abuse of the Human Rights Act (no one should be subject to degrading treatment). Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. CBT aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Turkington et al. Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. Gender bias: Loring and Powell (1988) found that some behavior which was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. 2. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? One of the biggest criticisms of the dopamine hypothesis came when Farde et al found no difference between schizophrenics levels of dopamine compared with healthy individuals in 1990. Side effects are less severe where patients are taking a reduced dose, as many do today, but this can reduce the effectiveness of the drug as well. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Boston Spa, Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. Refer to evidence in youranswer. A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49 3x sold 11 items 1. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? It is more likely It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture. This weakens the interactionist explanation. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. They generally have fewer side effects eg. One weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that there are methodological problems. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). The Genome Project has increased understanding of the complexity of the gene. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Patients went from performing 5 chores a day to around 40. This helps improve the quality of life for schizophrenia sufferers. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Eg. However, Thornley et al carried out a meta-analysis comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to placebo conditions and found Chlorpromazine to be associated with better overall functioning Drug therapy is an effective treatment for SZ. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. [4 marks], a) this study is about differences between two conditions/groups so the Mann-Whitney is appropriate it is not about correlation/relationship between two variables so Spearman's is not appropriate. 2. Company Reg no: 04489574. basis. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia (n = 23, 57.5%) followed by epileptic psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) and general psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) with one of psychotic depression and one psychosis secondary to general medical condition. This suggests that one needs to be careful when establishing cause and effect relationships in schizophrenic patients. (Total 16 marks) Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine are safer, and they also may be better tolerated. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad).
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