For materials described using UN3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. and UN3082, Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s., see 172.102(c)(1), special provision 441 for additional provisions; and. [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. [7][16], In all age groups, reported adverse events occurred mainly in patients with contraindications to the use of lindane or in those who appeared to have misapplied or orally ingested medication. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. For example, a meta-analysis of studies looking at the association between occupational exposure to agricultural lindane and non-Hodgkins lymphona among U.S. farmers found that lindane was not a primary factor in the development of the disease. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. 104 0 obj <> endobj This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. $>. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Formula: C6H6Cl6 Dizziness. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous," and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Refer for medical attention . However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." [7] Worldwide, effective treatment options for the control of scabies and lice are relatively limited. Refer immediately for medical attention. Fish, marine mammals and birds in the region are exposed to environmental pollutants, increasing the stress of the marine ecosystem. (3) Except for transportation by vessel, on a bulk packaging, freight container or transport vehicle that bears a label or placard specified in subparts E or F of this part. Refer for medical attention. (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. Lindane is registered for use in 50 countries, with restricted-use status in 33 of these countries. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. Abstract. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. (B) Bulk packages with a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons); or. Physical State; Appearance Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. [4][5] This is not unlike other medications where the active ingredient has other non-healthcare applications. Tremor. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. Column 1 is labeled S.M.P. for Severe Marine Pollutants and Column 2 is Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. trailer Lindane has adverse effects on Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. 125 0 obj <>stream Lindane is moderately toxic to mammals and may be a neurotoxin. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. Chemical dangers [26], Lindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. 0 FDA-approved for the second-line treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs) and head lice. %%EOF 0000001327 00000 n [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. Gyceril PABA. Further see Ingestion. 0000003215 00000 n The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. Web4-methylbenzylidene camphor. Decomposes on heating and on burning. Well closed. (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. WebTherefore, if: (1) p-Dodecylphenol is a synonym to Dodecylphenol; and (2) the concentration of Dodecylphenol in the solution is at least one percent by weight, then the answer would be yes and "Lubrizol 9222R" would appear to be a marine pollutant. [27] Similar findings were noted by U.S. Geologic Survey teams in 1999 and 2000. WebLINDANE: ICSC: 0053 (November 2016) gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-BHC gamma-HCH: CAS #: 58-89-9: UN #: 2761 EC Number: 200-401-2 ACUTE Not combustible. Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net [7], In the face of negative publicity concerning lindane pharmaceutical products, the U.S. manufacturer, Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, filed a legal complaint on February 6, 2007 in the U.S. District Court in Chicago, Illinois against the National Pediculosis Association, the Ecology Center, Inc., and two physicians for statements made and disseminated to healthcare providers and consumers using the internet and through a series of printed literature . (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. UN Classification Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. %PDF-1.4 % This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. The most common reports to the FDA were "drug ineffective," followed by convulsions, dermatitis and dizziness. Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. [25] In 2002, the EPA concluded that lindane agricultural products were eligible for re-registration given industry compliance with certain data and labeling requirements to mitigate occupational risks to workers. The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. 0000002858 00000 n To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. This article wants to briefly summarise the Rest. [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). 0000001466 00000 n 0000057176 00000 n First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. with the financial assistance of the European Commission. Nausea. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. (1) Lindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA'sGreat Waters Programdue to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans and the environment. (2) Assessing Personal Exposure Lindane can be measured in the blood, urine, and semen of exposed individuals by gas chromatography.(1) Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. [1] WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. startxref WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. The most common side effects are nonserious reactions of the skin (e.g., burning, itching, dryness and rash). 0000003484 00000 n WebLindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. The direct causes of death for the other cases were attributed to reasons other than lindane. Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. (4) For domestic transportation, a packaging marked prior to January 1, 2017 and in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue in service until the end of its useful life. 0000006227 00000 n WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. [20] The majority of studies of the general population have also shown no association between serum or breast tissue levels of lindane and breast cancer. Current as of October 03, 2022 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. Reacts with bases. [1] WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. Cough. This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. Exposure could cause death. 0000047710 00000 n In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments. WebThe concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. Medical observation is indicated. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. WebLindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. Purpose Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (-, - and - (Lindane)) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and Lindane production became a contemporary topic of global relevance. (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Effects of long-term or repeated exposure It is also a recognised irritant. (see also Regulatory Status). Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. The other storms took place on November 4, 2021 and March 24, 2023. Molecular mass: 290.8 0000000736 00000 n Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. However, lindane medications remain available in Canada for public health purposes as non-prescription therapies. 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. Sore throat. Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. Routes of exposure WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. Aurora is best viewed in areas without light pollution and no cloud cover. DEA methoxycinnamate. Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after 0000057076 00000 n The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). Remove contaminated clothes. 0000002475 00000 n [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. [6] Mexico has committed to a structured, voluntary phase out of lindane through the North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) but currently authorizes agricultural, veterinary and healthcare uses. That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (Octinoxate, Uvinul MC80) Glyceril octanoate dimethoxylcinnamate. In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. This may result in convulsions. It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. WebInternational initiatives on Lindane include the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution; the Rotterdam Convention; the OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic, the Great 0000000016 00000 n (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. Wash hands before eating. [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. 0000006190 00000 n Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. Each side of the mark must be -. Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. 104 22 ILO and WHO 2021. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. Vomiting. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. <<77808EBE95D8C749B7A9AFF580CD8412>]>> (1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: (i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or, (ii) A net mass of 5 kg (11 pounds) or less for solids. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. 0000003713 00000 n [7] (see also Regulatory History) Repeatedly, the FDA has concluded that lindane medications provide public health benefits at an acceptably low level of riska factor for all medications.
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