For him, the new ethnicities admitted into the United States were not entitled to their American identity; it was to be earned. J. Soc. doi: 10.1037/a0016169, Prislin, R., Limbert, W. M., and Bauer, E. (2000). Psychol. Prislin, R., Boyle, S., Davenport, C., Farley, A., Jacobs, E., Michalak, J., et al. Is Thought That Automatic Mimicry of Others Occurs Yet, the minority seems to be prevailing, giving credence to Mahatma Gandhis saying that fist they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win. Though far from the final win, this evolving minority-inspired social change is real and multifaceted, at least in the developed world. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Whereas any classification of motives is unavoidably imperfect, three broad motives are readily identifiable from the previously mentioned analysis of minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a; Prislin and Wood, 2005): Social validation or a sense of correctness, social acceptance or a sense of belonging, and social control or access to tangible benefits (e.g., resources, power). Psychol. eds. Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. Yet, maturity appears to come at the expense of vigor. Emily is in a good mood. A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). Crano, W. D. (2010). Although they effectively changed their numerical position, the new majority phenomenologically reacted as if they still had been in a minority, reluctant to make a salto mortale into the unknown of the new position (Moscovici, October 31 2008, personal correspondence). Because of the earlier discussed asymmetry in reactions to losses and gains, the presumed intensely negative reactions of the former majorities, but only mildly positive reactions of the former minorities, should render the group weak immediately after experiencing social change via conversion. What began as a minority view becomes a majority view as morepeople adopt it. To the extent that acceptance means a state of cognitive merging with a group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), it cannot be satisfied through acquiescence, which implies affiliation, not integration, with others. At best, and even that rarely, they are assessed twice, with a second assessment intended to detect the hypothesized delayed effect of minority influence on a focal point of its advocacy (David and Turner, 1996; Crano and Chen, 1998, Study 1; 1999). Soc. Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment revealed how social roles can influence How Theodor Adorno's F-scale aimed to identify fascism and authoritarian How false memories are created and can affect our ability to recall events. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. 3. Though developed in parallel without much cross-pollination, research on minority influence within the persuasion framework and the interacting group framework converge to the conclusion that such influence is possible, although under a highly constrained set of circumstances (Levine and Tindale, 2015). ^Examples of minority-instigated social changes, and the literature as a whole, tend to romanticize minority influence (Hewstone and Martin, 2010). Although they are distinct compliance strategies, the "that's not all" and "door in the face" techniques share a common mechanism. Creative problem-solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence. Even though it promoted the rights of a minority of the population, the movement helped to end public segregation based on race with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. In contrast to these sources, those who were consistently rejected to remain in a minority, as well as those who lost social support to be turned from a majority to a minority (majority minority), lost much of their persuasive efficacy over time. J. Pers. Glaser, T., Dickel, N., Liersch, B., Rees, J., Sssenbach, P., and Bohner, G. (2015). Lateral attitude change. Latan, B., and Wolf, S. (1981). The acts of claiming and developing land and defending it against the forces of nature all constituted rites of passage that transformed foreigners into Americans. At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? Contends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. (1998). Psychol. These were created by having a nave participant interact with a number of confederates, each of whom was trained to provide scripted responses during the course of the groups interaction. eds. These hypotheses were tested in a program of research whose multiple studies employed the following procedure: Each study included an experimental creation of opinion-based minority and majority factions within a group. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). 13. ed. As a majority view gained the support of more members, individuals holding an opposite viewpoint were less able to influence the group. Psychol. Prislin, R. (2010). An additional unique 33 empirical studies have been published since then and the end of December 2020, as identified searching the PsycInfo database, manually searching outlets in which earlier studies on minority influence appeared, and cross-reference checking.2 As evident in Figure 1, after a somewhat slow startor, one could say, a delayed impact of Moscovicis ideasthis research saw a steady increase in representation in scientific outlets, reaching its zenith in the 1990s, but gradually declining in the subsequent two decades.3. The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. (2009). These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. Nemeth, C. J. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Espousing a behavioral style characterized by temporal consistency, internal consensus, and autonomy and investment in their position, even at the price of reprisals, minorities present a force to be reconed with. Minority influence theory, in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology. This helps puncture a hole in the illusion of unanimity and loosens the pressure to conform. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1181, Keywords: minority influence, social change, social influence, majority influence, group dynamics, Citation: Prislin R (2022) Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change. Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.385. 13, 4355. (1996). Yet, answering some questions, including those about minority influence in generating social change, requires just such kind of research. Intergroup Relat. 35, 179199. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.438, Laughlin, P. R., and Ellis, A. L. (1986). 6. ed. It remained consistently high over time. Take Psychologist World's 5-minute memory test to measure your memory. But nevertheless, when you, when, when I look at the literature and when I see what the reasons the possible reasons for the since government maintaining very firm hand on law and order. Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups. 76, 10391053. The proposed agenda for future research on social change effected through minority influence is hardly comprehensive. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). Groups as the minds natural environment, in Evolutionary Social Psychology. They consider the argument based on its merits, rather than to complywith group norms. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. Rev. Vol. So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms of minority influence. Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. These findings document how social constructions of influence attempts and group memberships evolve over time, as do reactions to subsequent changes. F. Butera and J. M. Levine (Cambridge University Press), 333353. 3. eds. Regarding the social validation motive, minorities, of course, must have an initial sense of correctness in order to start exerting influence (Prislin and Christensen, 2009). Hypnosis Scripts Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of participation in decision making. Bull. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.005, Brewer, M. B. Lest we succumb to the same trap, it is worth remembering that every social change, including those that turned disastrous for the world (e.g., Nazi movement), was originated by a minority. (eds.) Jury trials: psychology and law, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) In his narrative histories published from 1885 to 1894, Roosevelt argued that as European immigrants were assimilated, their heritages were being absorbed into the American body, fusing Americans into a single people forged in the crucible of the frontier. These patterns of socially regulated persuasiveness were documented by coding video-taped sources verbal advocacy (Study 1) and by coding their written advocacy as well as an independent audiences reactions to their written advocacy (Study 2). A minority group, led by Emmeline Pankhurst in the UK, eventually persuaded the majority that this was unfair, and enfranchisement was extended to women in 1918, overturning accepted views regarding womens rights. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. Others followed suit, accumulating findings that cast doubt on the conversion theory postulate about the unique nature of minority (vs. majority) influence processes (for a meta-analytical synthesis, see Wood et al., 1994; see also Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). Inconsistency, or a difference of opinion amongst members of a minority, can result in other individuals rejecting the view. Three concepts: minority, conflict, and behavioral style, in Minority Influence. Soc. According to the genetic model of Moscovici (1976), the power of minorities to effect social change lies in their capacity to create a social conflict with majorities through vigorous advocacy of their position. eds. doi: 10.1037/h0046408. R. M. Sorentino and E. T. Higgins (New York: Guilford Press), 2884. Bull. A look at common defense mechanisms we employ to protect the ego. The idea of minority influence is now a defining aspect in all conceptualizations of social influence, researched in parallel with majority influence (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Levine and Prislin, 2013). Majority and Minority Influence: Societal Meaning and Cognitive Elaboration, London, Routledge: Taylor & Francis. Computational modeling and simulations suggest that indirect minority influence yields gradual social change and diversity, whereas cultural drift generates rapid social change and polarization in a society (Jung et al., 2021). Brewer and M. Hewstone (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 136164. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. 86, 11911201. Nemeth, C. J. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. After the arrival of millions of Irish, the 15th Amendment enfranchised millions of African American men in 1870. Paicheler, G., and Flath, E. (1988). The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. WebMAJORITY If the minority can get a few people to defect to their side, then this will often create a snowball effect in which more and more people will change their opinion. ed. Soc. This socio-cognitive conflict may be resolved over time such that some majority members privately adopt the minority position. (2000). doi: 10.2307/20159311, Butera, F., Batruch, A., Autin, F., Mugny, G., Quiamzade, A., and Pulfrey, C. (2021). c. public compliance. (eds.) doi: 10.1037/amp0000844. eds. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. Adopting a motivational approach holds promise of advancing our understanding of the roles minorities play in originating social change. Maas, A., Clark, R. D. and Haberkorn, G. (1982). In the group, confederates were instructed to misidentify the slides as being green, contrary to participants own observations. Eur. Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. Clark and Maass (1990) found that the size of the majority within a group can affect the ability of a minority to influence members. Prislin, R., and Crano, W. D. (2012). 14. ed. A. Their influence raises important questions about the conditions under which minorities will (non) seek social change. An individual who associates the group with hippies and protests may find it difficult to identify with the group at the time, but over many years, the groups views become mainstream and the person becomes more environmentally conscientious. ^Minority label used here in no way diminishes the significance and contribution of these two lines of research. Psychol. When a minority expressesa view that contradicts the majority, other group members will be unlikely to gain the acceptance of the wider group if they adopt this minority opinion. About However, as pointed out by Levine and Tindale (2015), the overall findings suggest that in those rare circumstances when minorities do prevail, they tend do so through informational processes, by forcing a majority to question the validity of its position. eds. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. (2011). In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. Why do people to conform in groups? Minority influence affects group members differently. 35, 137149. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 334. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. 37, 725746. Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. Social Psychology 4th Edition By Tom Gilovich - Test Bank Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective, in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. Because gains are experienced less intensely than the comparable losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), changes away from the minority position should elicit positive reactions that are weaker than negative reactions to changes away from the majority positions. Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). Similarly, although minorities may partially satisfy their motive for social acceptance within their faction, to be fully integrated within a group, they must seek broader acceptance. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? And in subsequent decades, the United States admitted millions of Italians, Jews and other ethnicities, with their foreign languages, religions and complexions. Soc. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. Psychol. Rev. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. 12 Angry men notes & discussion - University of Alberta Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Social influence: The role of consensus in attitudes and attitude change, in The Handbook of Attitudes and Attitude change. Early research into the ability of minority influence to affect a groups attitudes and behavior was conducted by social psychologist, Serge Moscovici. Terrorism as a tactic of minority influence, in Coping With Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. eds. eds. Bull. The field took notice. Minority Influence - Consistency and Commitment - tutor2u Tindale, R. S., Talbot, M., and Martinez, R. (2013). Psychol. Soc. Groups in which members are obedient to accepted norms tend to engage in groupthink, whereby long-held views are upheld without question. 22, 177189. Whereas numerous other factors may be proposed, they likely covary with the included factors of time, competitive influence dynamics, and motivation. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. 13. eds. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 4059. Even a revolutionary change progresses to its culminating tipping point after a period of build-up that requires time. Psychol. Consider various human rights groups in history and in the present (civil rights movement in the 60s, LGBT rights, women's voting rights, Black Lives Matter, etc.). (1991). According to reactance theory. Vol. For example, the exhaustively studied informational influence strategy has been limited to message-based appeals whose goal is to change understanding of an issue through evaluation of message content. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.388. This state of affairs is unfortunate as time variable is of essence in understanding how minorities go about effecting social change. Therefore, the minority is unable to exert a normative influence on other members. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. Minority influence and climate change. Contact Us J. Soc. Minority influence, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence. Copyright 2022 Prislin. Psychol. Despite notable growth in the non-White eligible voter population, non-Hispanic White voters still made up the large majority (67%) of the U.S. electorate in 19, 257276. This idea invigorated research Yet, the informational strategy could be used differently to emphasize common group identity (social acceptance) or quid pro quo (social control) by acceptance-motivated and control-motivated minorities, respectively. doi: 10.1177/0146167202288008, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2002).
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