Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and You may have heard that a 5.8 earthquake hit Alaska recently. Bloomington, IN: "Most of Bloomington's population ran into the streets during the height of the shaking. Trees, bushes shake. The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. Sleepers awaken. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? endobj ", 23. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. An earthquake has one magnitude. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Also, it's essential to make sure that you know what to do during an earthquake before you're caught in one. EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR - APOLO11.COM However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. Figure 1. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. Ground cracked noticeably. Modified Mercalli Intensity - SLU put into trial operation in Ankara, Turkey. The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than themagnitudebecause intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. May feel like heavy truck passing by. Trifunac, M.D. Intensity ratings Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. We understand that enormous energy values expressed in joules are not very intuitive or informative, so we have chosen a few earthquake energy equivalents if you've ever wondered what magnitude of earthquake an atomic bomb or volcanic eruption is equivalent to, this earthquake magnitude calculator has the answer. The intensities experienced at different sites depend primarily on the distance from the source to each site. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. and Fumal, T.E. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. The MSK scale is the most recent, has 12 values that approximate but are not the same the Modified Mercalli values, and is used extensively in Europe.Intensity values can be correlated with other measures of ground motion, such as displacement, velocity and acceleration. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Based on careful review, there are 10 isoseismal maps of earthquakes within the magnitude range of a 4.6 - 8.0 Richter scale that have been reported over the past 94 year period (1912-2006 AD) (Figure 1 and Table 1). DYFI Scientific Background - USGS Rhodes, B.P., Perez, R., Lamjuan, A. and Kosuwan, S. (2004) Kinematics and tectonic implications of the Mae Kuang Fault, northern Thailand. Understand how a community could use the Mercalli Scale. or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. California's Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 was a 7.1. With the use of an intensity scale, it is possible to summarize such data for an earthquake by constructing isoseismal curves, which are lines that connect points of equal intensity. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based 13.5: Lab Exercise (Part A) - Geosciences LibreTexts Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. With this earthquake calculator, you can estimate the energy release of an earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. Some walls may fall. For instance, for a particular amount of shaking, unreinforced masonry (brick) buildings will experience much greater damage than wood-frame buildings in the same area. ", 9. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. The database provides information Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. *The NGSS logo is a registered trademark of WestEd. ", 17. - 1979, Including Quantitative Casualties Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. Tonga, Fiji, or another island country in the Pacific probably have the most earthquakes when it comes to earthquakes per area**. ", 5. any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the WebWhat is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale? endobj Difficult to stand. Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. [14], as shown in Equation (1). Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 4, 425-435. And that's it! 812-855-5809. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Objects thrown up into air. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. Some walls may fall. In this activity, students learn about the Richter Scale for measuring earthquakes and make a booklet with drawings that represent each rating of the Richter Scale. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. scale composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based on observed The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations The methodology is simple. (Grade PS: We do not share personal information or emails with anyone. Persons walk unsteadily. Can you think of any examples? The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. to Present (1979). Earthquake, 17, 711-723. VI. Then, on 3rd - 4th December 1930, two earthquakes of approximately the same magnitude (~Mw 7.3) in Pyu and Yangon, respectively, were reported [8]. Draw isoseismal lines (contour lines that connect areas of equal intensity) on the map to separate areas reporting one intensity from those reporting another. 3 - You may be wondering how "big" is that? simulated, basing on either actually recorded or synthesized 3-D digital strong-motion data. Waves seen on ground. Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS In final, the MMI-PGA relationship is contributed using the linear regression. 4. List of major earthquake events in Myanmar and adjacent area that had been reported the macroseismic intensity in term of isoseismal maps. Copyright ? In this study, the previously reported isoseismal maps are compiled and used to carefully investigate the macroseismic intensity in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, based on the engineering ground-motion parameter, as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), inferred from the ground-motion attenuation characteristic of Myanmar. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. Avoid buildings, trees, power lines, and signs if you can. 2015-04-22T00:00:00 -NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging For questions about the information on this page, please email: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, An official website of the United States government. called the Moment Magnitude Scale, which measures the The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). 2 0 obj Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. Parts 1 & 2before tackling this challenge! The above table shows the approximate relationship Felt by almost everyone, wakes many. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. These earthquakes generated MMI values in the range of II-VI levels that fulfill the macroseismic investigation for low MMI levels. The scale was developed at the turn of the century by the Italian volcanologist G. Mercalli, and subsequently revised by American seismologists H.O. Many poor buildings damaged, Significant damage. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. creative classroom activity to illustrate earthquake intensity can (1956) A comparison of earthquake accelerations with intensity ratings. We acknowledged thoughtful comments and suggestions by the Editor-In-Chief and anonymous reviewers which enhanced the quality of this manuscript significantly. Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. Modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensity, Observation and interpretation of precursory phenomena, Exploration of the Earths interior with seismic waves, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters. ", 12. <> VIII. Can they think of examples where something has a rating or a level? NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), If students are having difficulty brainstorming drawings for the different levels of the Mercalli Scale, have them brainstorm ideas with their partner or as a group. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. The strongly correlated MMI-PGA relationship obtained in this study, if confirmed, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination when an earthquake occurs in or nearby to Myanmar. If there were complete symmetry about the vertical through the earthquakes focus, isoseismals would be circles with the epicentre (the point at the surface of the Earth immediately above where the earthquake originated) as the centre. Earthquake Intensity Medvedev, S.V. Trees and poles may shake. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale - A copy of the injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and $ dollage damage estimates. Did You Feel It? This be found on pg. IU. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x Wholesale destruction. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Let's assume that you remember an earthquake a couple of years ago, which has a magnitude of 7.1. Solicit, integrate and summarize student responses. Warning, earthquake! Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. Indianapolis, IN: . and damage. ", 6. Seismological Research Letters, 68, 128-153. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. Objects thrown up into the air. the last several hundred years. Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! Thus, all values of PGA in each MMI are averaged statistically. Stay inside until the shaking stops. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The different symbols used in Figure 2 distinguish the MMI-PGA data obtained from individual isoseismal maps. Felt by all; many are frightened and run outdoors. During 1929-1930 AD, there were five earthquakes within the magnitude of range 7.0 - 7.3 Richter that occurred in the Myanmar region. Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 241-251. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. Earthquake Calculator. Strength Comparison destruction, designated by Roman numerals. Ground badly cracked. Don't stop under bridges, overpasses, trees, or power lines. These data are necessary for earthquake hazard assessments and mitigation efforts. Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. General panic. Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. A good website to visit is: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html. Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. XII. Microearthquakes, usually not felt. Furniture broken. 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. From the result of this regression (Figure 2), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. This is a public event. Theodulides, N.P. (Grades Log In or Register. Measuring Earthquakes: Scales Geology 101 for Lehman College Weak chimneys broken at roof line. Engineers often invent scales or systems to use as measurement tools. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? Total damage. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years. Most masonry, frame structures, and their foundations destroyed. May feel like a heavy truck passing by. The aforementioned catalog was an expansion All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), WebA new 3-D earthquake simulator with a vibrating platform approximately 7 by 4 meters, has recently been. Engineering to Prevent Natural Disasters: Save Our City! These are briefly detailed as follows. amount of energy released during an earthquake. endobj Relationship between Peak Ground Acceleration We thank the Publication Counseling Unit (PCU), the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for a critical review and improved English. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. Detailed Description. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. List some famous earthquakes and their Richter Scale measurements. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. Depending on where you are, different recommendations exist: Stay there! Figure 1, Table 1, Figure 1. ""Many residents ran into the street in panic during the severe shaking, though building damage was mostly restricted to a few cracked chimneys. Intensity depends, however, in a complicated way not only on ground accelerations but also on the periods and other features of seismic waves, the distance of the measuring point from the source, and the local geologic structure. It can be labeled the "Mercalli Scale." At each location assign II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. On 8th August 1929, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.0 was generated in Pegu, central Myanmar. Waves seen on ground. Unstable objects overturned. Add categories to the /doc subpage. What does it measure? VII. ", 8. Felt indoors. Shabestari, K.T. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok. maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties,
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