. Environ. WebT2 phage is more properly called Enterobacteria phage T2. Proc. 69, 110123 (2019). J. Bacteriol. WebThe T-even viruses (T2, T4, and T6) have heads 80 110 nm, while the T-odd phages (T1, T3, T5, and T7) have isometric heads about 60 nm in diameter. A. et al. WebEnterobacteria phage T2 is a virus that infects and kills E. coli. T2, T4, and T6 phages differ in the cell wall receptors to which they bind. A dodecamer forming a centralchannel involved inviralDNA packaging and injection, providing a docking site for attachment of the tailmachinery. Phages not only carry genes that counteract host protection systems such as anti-restriction [43], and RNA repair enzymes [44], but also can provide genes that offer protection from other viruses. This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Program and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (team grant on Intestinal Microbiomics, Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes). With high throughput sequencing approaches becoming generally and relatively cheaply available, it has become possible to sample substantial numbers of metagenomic samples and to compare viral populations as a functions of geography and time, providing considerable insights into the dynamics of phage populations [6,7]. Maps were generated using the program Phamerator (S. Cresawn, manuscript submitted). Martinez-Hernandez, F. et al. Comparative genomic analysis of 18. Phages that can strictly undergo a lytic mode of replication. It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. The host range of the recombinant phages was identical to that of IP008. A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria. Nat. Hatfull GF, Pedulla ML, Jacobs-Sera D, Cichon PM, Foley A, Ford ME, Gonda RM, Houtz JM, Hryckowian AJ, Kelchner VA, et al. Google Scholar. The largest bacteriophage genomes reach a size of 735 kb. Biol. Marvin, D. A. Filamentous phage structure, infection and assembly. Rev. Abrescia, N. G. et al. Mol. Enterobacteria phage T2 Aquat. 4, 10491056 (2019). Adriaenssens, E. & Brister, J. R. How to name and classify your phage: an informal guide. A Dictionary of Genetics , Subjects: Suttle CA. Extreme dimensions how big (or small) can tailed mBio 7, e01781e01815 (2016). The newly made phages are now free to attack more cells. Temperate phages acquire DNA from defective prophages by relaxed homologous recombination: the role of Rad52-like recombinases. Sci. 11, 799805 (1973). PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). Science and technology Phages that can perform either a lytic or a lysogenic mode of replication. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Rather we suggest that non-homologous recombination occurs rampantly and indiscriminately across the genomes and stringent natural selection for the successful arrangement of the core genes counterselects any gene arrangement that disrupts that, while allowing much more promiscuous reassortments of the non-core genes; a thoroughly Darwinian view of phage evolution. Knowles, B. et al. This article reports the ability of RNA phages to adopt defined conformations that can be involved in genome packaging and virion assembly. Xu, J., Dayan, N., Goldbourt, A. Article Virol. 15, 161168 (2017). Icosahedral bacteriophage X174 forms a tail for DNA transport during infection. Villar, E. et al. J. Bacteriol. Virol. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2, 16010 (2016). Rev. It is in the genus Tequatrovirus, and the family Myoviridae. 8, 150158 (1998). Bamford, D. H. Do viruses form lineages across different domains of life? phage A segment of Colbert containing genes 3335 appears to have been acquired recently from a Rosebush-like phage, and the conserved sequences share 94% nucleotide identity. 20 January 2023, Receive 12 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. Bacteriophage Enterobacteria phage T2 Natl Acad. Variability in shapes and sizes for phages. Phylogenet. Similar groups of genes that travel together through evolution may include the tail genes, or lysis genes, among others. Comparison of genome size of T2 phage, Escherichia coli, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens and, Genome size can vary greatly between organisms and is not a valid indicator of genetic complexity, Comparison of Genome Size in Different Organisms, Variation in Genome Sizes For Different Types of Organisms. USA 99, 1425014255 (2002). T phages Microbiol. 73, 7059 (2007). ), rather than cytosine. Bacteriophage T phages - Oxford Reference 3, 754766 (2018). Cell Host Microbe 25, 285299.e8 (2019). Article Holmfeldt, K. et al. & Gao, M. Jumbo bacteriophages: an overview. Arch. Benson, S. D., Bamford, J. K., Bamford, D. H. & Burnett, R. M. Viral evolution revealed by bacteriophage PRD1 and human adenovirus coat protein structures. At the time of writing the total number of unique sequenced bacteriophage genomes is about 750. Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, 412 624 6975, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, Bacteriophage genomes are enormously diverse, Bacteriophage genomes are pervasively mosaic, Bacteriophage-host dynamics are strong drivers of their evolution. Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces. While there are a number of advantages of these metagenomic approaches including the vast amounts of sequence data that are obtained the disadvantage is that the output is pure data, and no biological materials for further experimentation are recovered [8]. Virol. T2 phage had very high genomic sequence similarity to SV76 (99.99% identity), so we performed host range analysis of T2 with the same bacteria strains to see whether the genomic similarity translated to host range phenotypic similarity. Drosophila Melanogaster 123 million b.p. Wang, C., Tu, J., Liu, J. WebPhage genomes can consist of either DNA or RNA, and can contain as few as four genes or as many as several hundred. Highton, P. J., Chang, Y. Olia, A. S., Prevelige Jr., P. E., Johnson, J. E. & Cingolani, G. Three-dimensional structure of a viral genome-delivery portal vertex. The junctions between phage genome segments with distinct phylogenies often correspond to gene boundaries (Fig. The crystal structure of bacteriophage HK97 gp6: defining a large family of headtail connector proteins. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was first described in 1952 when it was found in the genomes of T-even bacteriophages (T2 and T4). A non-functional prophage within a bacterial chromosome. In 1952 Alfred Day Hershey and Martha Chase used the T2 bacteriophage in a famous experiment in which they demonstrated that only the nucleic acids of phage molecules were required for their replication within bacteria. Physical co-localization in thegenome of genes with associated functions. 25, 762777 (2008). (ed.) Genes are colored according to their phamily membership. ^ {1,2,3} 1,2,3. start superscript, 1, comma, 2, comma, 3, end superscript. The observation that different regions (genes and gene blocks) of the phage genomes have distinct evolutionary histories, owing to horizontal gene transfer events. Proc. In the phage genomes, 5hmC is further glycosylated to 5ghmC and provides protection against cleavage by bacterial restriction endonucleases [1]. Limnol. DNA 8, 12 (2017). This is seen most strikingly in the head gene regions of most phages, where there is little or no evidence of horizontal swapping of genes within this group of genes, even though other parts of the genome may be flamboyantly mosaic. Article 7, 17381751 (2013). FOIA The other genes of a phage genomethe non-core genesprovide a striking contrast to the core genes discussed above [33]. Phage PubMedGoogle Scholar. Rev. Article ISME J. Appl. 10, e1004181 (2014). Microbiol. Proc. Enterobacteria Phage T2 Genome Size From: Gene-Environment Interactions in Psychiatry, 2016 View all Topics Download as PDF About this page DNA Topoisomerases: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A likely major contributor is illegitimate recombination, or recombination between short conserved sequences (a few bases), coupled with functional selection of genes [30]. holds the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Bacteriophages and is a member of the PROTEO and Op+Lait FRQNT Networks. An intriguing possibility, whether they are providing a selective benefit or not, is that these genes could serve as a gene nursery, where novel genetic functions could be built by recombination and mutation among genetic sequences that have no essential role in phage survival. Viral dark matter and virushost interactions resolved from publicly available microbial genomes. & Bamford, D. H. Nucleic and amino acid sequences support structure-based viral classification. Open Access Candidate receptors fadL ::Tn ( A = 2.60) and ompF ::Tn ( A = 2.53) were identified ( Fig. Article 22 March 2023, Microbiome Google Scholar. Natl Acad. Environmental drivers of viral community composition in Antarctic soils identified by viromics. Shkoporov, A. N. et al. Theor. Hua, J. et al. volume18,pages 125138 (2020)Cite this article. Mol. in Res. Lima-Mendez, G., Helden, J. Proc. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Enterobacteria phage T2 is a virus that infects and kills E. coli. Article For example, unless any given phage genome has a known close relative that infects the same host, or there is a closely-related prophage, it is unusual to find extensive nucleotide sequence similarity to other database entries. [Genome size is the total length of DNA in an organism. And yet the pace of phage genome characterization has slowed over the past three years, reflecting in part a need to transition from sequencing known and well-characterized bacteriophages to the isolation and comparative analysis of new isolates. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0311-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0311-5. Reyes, A. et al. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Article WebHowever, some DNA phages such as T4 may have large genomes with hundreds of genes; the size and shape of the capsid varies along with the size of the genome. Adriaenssens, E. M. et al. Nature 513, 242245 (2014). Edwards RA, Rohwer F. Viral metagenomics. Cell 160, 447460 (2015). Rohwer, F. & Edwards, R. The phage proteomic tree: a genome-based taxonomy for phage. USA 106, 41604165 (2009). McMahon SA, Roberts GA, Johnson KA, Cooper LP, Liu H, White JH, Carter LG, Sanghvi B, Oke M, Walkinshaw MD, et al. 91, 113 (2017). government site. & Rohwer, F. L. Piggyback-the-winner in host-associated microbial communities. 79, 1496714970 (2005). Res. Creasy, A., Rosario, K., Leigh, B. Insights into assembly from structural analysis of bacteriophage PRD1. 8, 112 (2017). See all related overviews in Oxford Reference A substantial portion of these contain at least one prophage and prophages can occupy up to 20% of the chromosomal content [911]; this prevalence of prophages is not unexpected given the finding that a large proportion of isolated bacteriophages are temperate.
