The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. [citation needed]. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Szczepanski, Kallie. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. . The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Inventions Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers).
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