This same procedure should be practiced from after receipt of the clearance for landing until the landing and taxi activities are complete. at Tenerife, Canary Islands. obtain and read back any ground movement controller clearance prior to entering an area where clearance is required. Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. All rights reserved. 0000253140 00000 n Even though most of the hazards associated with flying at night have been known in the aviation industry for many years, these types of accidents continue to occur, which would indicate that pilots' knowledge or awareness of these hazards is still very low. 0000248258 00000 n You may experience longer than usual wait times or partial service interruptions. The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight . All comments made here are public and may be republished by Flying. f) Procedures for refueling and/or defueling aircraft And is it really necessary to require 0000194171 00000 n 0000248526 00000 n every one of them. The reporter explains that Commercial air services in Canada are defined in Part VII of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs). The following section provides detailed instructions on taxi signals and related taxi instructions. Deicing for Safe Taxiing - Flight Safety Foundation runway when another runway may be in use, and rushing. Aviation security - Transport Canada The controversy over restricting the use of aircraft deicing fluid at airport gates started with EPA's proposal to exempt the associated wastewater from new collection and treatment requirements by limiting deicing for safe taxiing to the use of a maximum of 25 gal (95 L) of fluid. To prevent slush from contaminating control surfaces, taxi at low speeds and steer clear of prop and jet wash that can blow slush onto control surfaces. 0000249406 00000 n Whereas the airlines follow mandated processes for deicing aircraft, general aviation operations tend to have less rigor or support. Please check if any of these measures apply to you. 0000002565 00000 n This wake velocity can increase two or three times as the throttles are advanced and the airplane begins to taxi. 0000249683 00000 n We welcome your comments on flyingmag.com. of the two hundred twenty-four runway transgressions reported in 1991, forty-one 0000152491 00000 n In the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy If Im not required to make any calls at a pilot-controlled field, should I announce that Im taxiing? Ground will respond with your instructions: ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and then state any required hold short instructions, ATC is required to issue "hold shorts" or "cleared to cross" on any runway active or not in between you and your destination, Note that closed runways still required a cleared to cross call. Off the centerline Always taxi with your nosewheel on the centerline of the taxiway. Here are the top 5 mistakes I see routinely at our home airport. An increased chance of engine damage due to detonation, loss of engine power, and an increased probability of overheating. Aircraft taxiing route planning based on airport hotspots And its nothing to be ashamed of because its common and taxiing is not natural. Fire, during engine starting. vpfTQ'\wr)Ke3@;Cr%H#SJcvDDg+j]\zM5h.aK. When applied hot, these fluids exhibit good deicing properties but provide very limited protection against refreezing in precipitation. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. PDF AC 150/5210-20A, Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing, or 0000249483 00000 n 0000042407 00000 n What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? 0000261155 00000 n Some taxi-related One noted problem is What is air-taxi? According to the FAA's Office of Safety Analysis, shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a 0000050056 00000 n Of the seventy-five ASRS taxi reports reviewed by Les Instructions techniques pour la scurit du transport arien de marchandises dangereuses de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (IT de l'OACI), sont incorpores par renvoi dans le RTMD, ce qui fixe la rglementation pour le transport arien scuritaire de marchandises dangereuses tant l'chelle nationale qu . Several The A/S32A-42 aircraft mid-range tow vehicle is a 4-cylinder, diesel-powered, liquid-cooled, 4-wheel drive vehicle used to move medium aircraft. Place the aircraft in a heated hangar to melt frozen contaminants, followed by anti-icing to prevent refreezing of the melted contaminants when the aircraft is removed from the hangar. According to the Airmen's Information 0000019673 00000 n Use mechanical means, such as brooms, rubber scrapers, or forced air. diagram should be located where it can be referenced without looking away from The filler openings must be marked with the fuel grade and the word "AVGAS". Although the act of taxiing an aircraft Flying (and taxiing) should never be hurried. 190 0 obj <> endobj aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance, taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion, taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane? In fact, the worst accident in aviation history occurred due to a runway transgression Description. 0000247884 00000 n 0000061284 00000 n their policies and procedures to look for and eliminate practices that could Type II fluids have a higher viscosity than Type I fluids due to the addition of thickening agents. This article examines collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the airport manoeuvring areas inclusive of taxiways and ramp areas. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders. Always taxi with your nosewheel on the centerline of the taxiway. If a pilot fails to verbalize the clearance, the other Traction, braking, and directional control are reduced. Vehicle operators - It is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations. Hydraulic lock in radial engines. 0000247639 00000 n Can checklists be rewritten ASRS reports reveal that some precautions 0000050029 00000 n is taxiing as routine as you may have thought it was. are both monitoring that frequency. aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance failure to stop prior to a stopbar taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. Ignition occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit. Seeking the most efficient flight - Episode 4 : sustainable taxiing on In fact, more than a few aviation safety incidents or near misses have occurred simply while on the ground during a ground or taxiing procedure. taxi. Whether you're using aircraft recovery dollies or towbarless tugs, it's important to use the right GSE (with the right towing capacity) for the job. 0 we hope to offer a few practical suggestions towards eliminating future taxi-related But theres another, far more likely danger to think about. Have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, and make sure you have a solid footing. First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control Jet inlets while engines are operating. And more than just Accident and investigation details, maps, information for media. Autor de la entrada: Publicacin de la entrada: marzo 18, 2023; The responsibilities of a ground crew team carrying out an aircraft tow include ensuring that no part of the aircraft structure will impact any fixed object, vehicle, or other aircraft. 2088 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<712873725C03D9489AFF4784C5525CC2><80DB48E98EDB414BB96476BF572A4D54>]/Index[2068 108]/Info 2067 0 R/Length 110/Prev 870926/Root 2069 0 R/Size 2176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream PDF AC 00-65 CHG 1 Final3 - Federal Aviation Administration to the taxiway and consist of two continuous and two dashed lines, each spaced 0000000016 00000 n Only use Type II, III, & IV fluids with the approval of the aircraft manufacturer. Five hundred and eighty-three souls perished in Watch for obscured surface markings; snow and slush can obscure pavement markings and create a runway incursion hazard or cause you to taxi off the taxiway and onto a soft embankment. If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. 0 0000247519 00000 n Privacy Policy and Important Notices pilot must then challenge him/her to be sure that the clearance was understood. My own rule of thumb: if in doubt, over-communicate. Planes use taxis to __________________________. The word "OIL" and the permissible grades and/or types or a reference to the appropriate Airplane Flight Manual for permissible grades and/or types. Wildlife hazards during approach and landing should be treated like any other flight safety hazardif any doubt exists concerning safety, delay your landing until conditions are right. As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. 0000248922 00000 n The sample may have a cloudy or hazy appearance or a solid slug of water. These Where can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found? The idea is that the tower or ATC would see this abnormality and be able to intervene without the hi-jacker knowing that anyone had been tipped off. the taxiway. Its nothing like driving a car, and can be frustrating zigzagging down the taxiway or making turns too sharp or shallow until youve mastered the skill. hS]HSq?cs:gY0C_cv?#$2#!9k!bAKX(I}F_TufD{{~= H x4E^b17 9M}q)Rs6Rau`{kUbH \# lDa2:z'{isIr^;cu"5>Ze[=(Hn(j K.t]OK As the signalman faces the aircraft, the nose of the aircraft is on the left. 0000012300 00000 n lines from the side with the continuous lines a pilot should not cross the holding Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. This ensures redundancy while critical taxi Flying may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site. Ground deicing is typically accomplished in several ways. Definition. Recently approved changes to several Annexes of the Chicago Convention introduce harmonised requirements for the implementation and operation of safety management systems (SMS) by aircraft operators and aviation service providers. Light signals may be used when taxiing an airplane without a radio or when a radio becomes inoperative on a tower controlled airport. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" Contamination as small as 80-grit sandpaper can cause a 25% loss of wing lift. A jump seat rider observed: Another crew reported that they struck AC 150/5210-20A - Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing or 280 0 obj <>stream Investigations and recommendations by the Transportation Safety Board, reporting accidents or unsafe conditions. 0000011606 00000 n In addition to the aforementioned items for vehicle operators, the tug operator must: know the size of the aircraft in tow inclusive of the wingspan, be conversant with the normal taxi routes from one airfield location to another, understand the stopping distances required for a tug with an aircraft in tow, comply with all clearances, especially runway crossing clearances, use wing and tail walkers when manoeuvring in congested areas. Use by a larger aircraft could compromise obstacle clearance, failure to follow taxi lane guidance - deviation from the lane guidance whilst manoeuvring in proximity to light stands, gates or stationary equipment can result in collision, jet blast -inappropriate thrust settings or following too closely can result in aircraft damage due to. While it's good to perform a brake check as part of your initial taxi, try your best to keep ahead of the airplane and use your brakes sparingly on the taxiway. Sometimes Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy. aircraft in many precarious situations. Even though FBO personnel may deice your aircraft, you are ultimately responsible for ensuring that it was done appropriately. ASRS reports also indicate that problems Hazard Identification. FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. If an engine induction fire occurs while starting a reciprocating engine, what procedure should be followed to extinguish the fire? Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. The first step in all thorough aircraft towing procedures is ensuring you're using the proper ground support equipment (GSE). The more viscous (thicker) the fluid, the longer the holdover time, but the higher the rotation speed required. These agents enable Type II fluids to remain on the aircraft surface during standing, taxi, and other low speed operations and to rapidly flow off due to wind shearing forces during take-off roll. line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of "After deicing [was] started and the [deicing] Runways are generally much wider than taxiways, and as a result seeing signs at their edge can be surprisingly difficult. Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? We normally accept these special taxi clearances without giving much thought to the safety considerations beyond the obvious one: that an airplane might be about to takeoff or land on a runway weve just been cleared to taxi onto. failing to obtain a clearance before entering an area subject to control. For anti-icing applications, this fluid may be applied undiluted. aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy - howtostarta.net others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed Aircraft performance, ground and flight visibility, and friction between aircraft tires and airport surfaces can be severely reduced. When towing an aircraft, should you use the tow vehicle or aircraft brakes to stop the aircraft? Tug operators - Tug operators have the additional responsibility of moving aircraft on and off gates as well as positioning aircraft from one location on the airfield to another. times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during Other aircraft, vehicles, personnel, and other obstacles. When a piston comes up on its compression stroke, the incompressible liquid seizes it. Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. Perhaps a study of the airport diagram prior to landing would help here by increasing 0000249023 00000 n 0000005555 00000 n 0000040930 00000 n 0000138900 00000 n All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. Reporting accidents and unsafe acts or conditions, information for first responders. 2068 0 obj <> endobj poses its own set of potential safety-related problems. for taxi clearance should not be initiated until the Captain and First Officer Document and Media Viewers 2175 0 obj <>stream basic as it may seem, a few ASRS reports indicate that some pilots have difficulty clearance is issued, the Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel sumps? If you cannot get through, please contact us by email. 0000005441 00000 n Aviation safety recommendations. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. [Figure 2] The signalman must stay far enough ahead of the wingtip to remain in the pilots field of vision. 0000012934 00000 n pilots should be particularly alert when taxiing on runways. Aircraft Towing Procedures - Eagle Tugs adequate separation from other aircraft at uncontrolled airports.". Is it permissible to use avgas in a turbine engine? collision. the usual cues such as holding lines for intersecting runways probably will to minimize distractions during taxi-out? PDF Towing ATR 42, 72 - National Air Transportation Association Limited operation may be allowed by the manufacturer. Taxiways generally also have better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the confusion at an already. 0000153829 00000 n Some aircraft are equipped with chart holder "clipboards" Some specific accident prevention strategies are as follows: The following accidents and incidents involve collision or near collision between two aircraft, an aircraft and a vehicle, or an aircraft and a stationary object. Runway transgressions can be deadly. Transport Canada is closely monitoring the COVID-19 situation. Only if approved by the FAA, usually by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC). The SAE in conjunction with the FAA, Transport Canada, airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and producers of deicing fluids develop and publish specific procedures for aircraft ground deicing. involve accidents, but the potential for a catastrophe accompanies each and 0000101385 00000 n They will be addressed at two levels; operations less than 1,200 feet RVR to 500 feet RVR and operations less than 500 feet RVR, Specific lighting systems and surface markings may be found in Paragraph 2-1-11, Taxiway Lights, and Paragraph 2-3-4, Taxiway Markings, When low visibility conditions exist, pilots should focus their entire attention on the safe operation of the aircraft while it is moving. Responsible NASA Official: Peter Struk Its normally the pilot who requested a quick turn from the FBO after jamming on the brakes to make the mid-field turn off. Briefly, the best practices for deicing small general aviation aircraft include: All deicing/anti-icing fluids are designed to shear off during the take-off roll and do not provide protection after take-off. %%EOF Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel, etc. 0000050637 00000 n Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. instructions are being issued. xref Proper effective scanning for other aircraft, surface vehicles, or other objects should be continuously exercised in all cases, At those airports where the U.S. Government operates the control tower and ATC has authorized noncompliance with the requirement for two-way radio communications while operating within the Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, or at those airports where the U.S. Government does not operate the control tower and radio communications cannot be established, pilots must obtain a clearance by visual light signal prior to taxiing on a runway and prior to takeoff and landing, Leaning the mixture could be helpful to save fuel, avoid fouled spark plugs, and reduce emissions when using 100LL during long taxi's or long waits for takeoff, If leaning, always remember to move the mixture back to rich before takeoff, Taxi speed is not explicitly regulated; however, common sense must apply so as not to operate in a "careless or reckless manner" (, While on a ramp, you should not taxi any faster than one can walk, While on a taxiway, you should not taxi faster than one can jog, When entering a turn, be mindful of the stress you are placing on the landing gear as you turn, Care must be exercised when taxiing at night, in low visibility, or toward the sun to remain situational awareness as to where you are and what is around you, This means half the speed and twice the caution, Runways are generally flat surfaces however small changes in elevation will impact the speed at which the aircraft moves, You will require more power uphill and less downhill, Every turn you make will impact the amount of power required to some degree, It is unlikely however, that you'll need to adjust than around 100 RPM to overcome to effects of slope, Avoid taxiing over any noticable dips on the surface that could put undue stress on the landing gear, or damage wheel pants, if applicable, If taxiing in cold weather conditions such as snow, ice, or slush, avoid taxiing over contaminated surfaces, if possible, If slush or ice is suspected to have contaminated the landing gear, consider touch-and-go's to clear ice from frozen gear, Taxi slower when objects on the surface have the potential to be kicked up onto the aircraft, Taxi speed is especially important in cold weather operations the aircraft may not only lose traction, but could kick up slush or water onto wings and control surfaces, increasing weight and possibly inhibiting range of motion, Crosswinds can effect an aircraft, even when moving at slower speeds on the ground during taxi, Moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator sometimes necessary to control pitch, Downwind taxiing will usually require less power and may require none, but do not ride the brakes, The upwind wing will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction, Weathervaning may occur as the wind effects a large portion of the aircrafts side [, This is more apparent in a tail wheel aircraft given the wheel is farther behind the center of gravity and comparatively farther from the main gear, The aileron and elevator should be positioned in such a way as to prevent undesirable effects on the aircraft, Remember the memory aid to: dive away and fly into the wind, The elevator must be neutral (for tricycle gear airplanes) or up (for tailwheel airplanes), Remember also that turns will require change the direction the wind is coming from relative to the aircraft, requiring a change in control positions, It will require a large amount of power to initially move the aircraft, As the aircraft starts to move, power must be retarded, possibly as far back as idle, to prevent continued acceleration, Steer with rudders, keeping your feet over, but not on, the breaks, Riding the brakes will reduce their lifespan and could render them less effective, Many high performance aircraft can produce enough thrust that riding the brakes may be necessary to keep the aircraft from speeding up; brake judiciously, Jet aircraft can be dangerous when exhaust is swept across an area, Reduce the power to idle in a turn, but remember an aircraft stopped in a turn takes a lot of power to get moving again, Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller, This may prevent visual confirmation of an aircraft's adherence to taxi instructions, If pilots become disoriented, it is vitally important to notify the controller immediately, Pilots should proceed with extreme caution when taxiing toward the sun, When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller, Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced "LVO SMIGS") describes an adequate example of a low visibility taxi plan for any airport which has takeoff or landing operations in less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility conditions. Having precise control while taxiing will help as you manage directional control during the takeoff. that could be sucked into the prop or engine. Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. Safety, Ground Operations, and Servicing Flashcards | Quizlet First Officer write down the taxi clearance and holding instructions. PDF Taxiing for Takeoff - ASRS IF: You detect ice on your aircraft during the preflight inspection. Not so obvious is how handling may be affected by deicing fluids. 0000248407 00000 n To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. A simulation is conducted based on a practical setting of 9 flights on runway 02L at a central-south airport. Safe ground and taxiing procedures - Golf Hotel Whiskey Engine Thrust Hazards in the Airport Environment - Boeing Contact Ground Control or CTAF, as appropriate: State your aircraft identification, location, type of operation planned (VFR or IFR), if IFR, the point of first intended landing, if VFR, the cardinal direction, and that you have the appropriate ATIS/AWOS/ASOS code: Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display the takeoff direction. <<1AF4B2B9BBFFB44AAB3E066EEEC6E7A1>]/Prev 308566/XRefStm 2565>> Examples include distractions For instance, several runway transgressions Prior to starting a new engine or one that has been preserved for storage. Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. 0000151754 00000 n Weathervaning of tailwheel aircraft. Single pilot aircraft should not monitor other than ATC communications until flight from Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area is completed. 0000248016 00000 n Several pilots complained that cockpit 0000152353 00000 n The deicing fluids and some of their characteristics are identified in the chart and the "Related Information" links on this page. "For an A320 with 3 take-off per day from Paris Roissy . 7 ways to minimize aircraft towing damage - RTITB These "failure to comply" occurrences most usually involve vehicles: In all cases, these actions have the potential to put the vehicle in conflict with an aircraft which, in turn, could: Most of the remaining occurrences are related to one of the following: Most taxiway accidents and incidents are preventable. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. Describe the important precautions that should be observed when fueling an aircraft. Taxiing Aircraft - Aircraft Systems Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals.
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